all cases ap gov nc wake county

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Roth v. United States

Defined obscenity as material without 'redeeming social importance.'

Miller v. California

Created the 'Miller Test' to determine what is legally obscene.

Near v. Minnesota

Banned 'prior restraint' (government censorship of media before it's published).

Engel v. Vitale

Public schools cannot lead students in any form of official prayer.

Griswold v. Connecticut

Established a constitutional right to privacy regarding birth control.

Roe v. Wade

Struck down state laws banning abortion based on the right to privacy.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

Allowed states to regulate abortion as long as it isn't an 'undue burden.'

Dobbs v. Jackson

Overturned Roe v. Wade; returned abortion laws to individual states.

Chicago, B. & Q. RR v. Chicago

First case to apply a piece of the Bill of Rights to states (just compensation).

Gitlow v. N.Y.

Formally began 'incorporation,' applying free speech rights to the states.

Cantwell v. Connecticut

Applied the Free Exercise of religion to the states.

Everson v. Board of Education

Applied the Establishment Clause (no state-supported religion) to states.

Schenck v. U.S.

Speech can be limited if it creates a 'clear and present danger.'

Dennis v. United States

Speech advocating the overthrow of the government is not protected.

Yates v. United States

Clarified that belief is protected, but 'urging action' to break the law is not.

Brandenburg v. Ohio

Speech is protected unless it incites 'imminent lawless action.'

Tinker v. Des Moines

Students have free symbolic speech (armbands) if it doesn't disrupt school.

Texas v. Johnson

Burning the American flag is a protected form of symbolic speech.

N.Y. Times v. United States

The government cannot stop the publication of leaked docs (Pentagon Papers).

Barron v. Baltimore

The Bill of Rights only restricts the federal government, not the states.

Abington v. Schempp

Banned school-sponsored Bible reading in public schools.

Wallace v. Jaffree

Banned a mandatory 'moment of silence' intended for school prayer.

Lynch v. Donnelly

Religious displays on gov property are okay if they include secular symbols.

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Created the 'Lemon Test' to see if a law mixes church and state too much.

West Virginia v. Barnette

Students cannot be forced to salute the flag or say the Pledge.

Reynolds v. U.S.

Religious belief doesn't excuse you from following criminal laws (polygamy).

Wisconsin v. Yoder

Amish parents can remove kids from school after 8th grade for religion.

Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. Hialeah

Laws cannot target specific religious rituals (animal sacrifice).

DC v. Heller

Individuals have a right to own a gun for self-defense in their home.

McDonald v. Chicago

Applied the individual right to own a gun to the states.

Gideon v. Wainwright

States must provide a lawyer to anyone who cannot afford one.

Mapp v. Ohio

Evidence found in an illegal search cannot be used (Exclusionary Rule).

Miranda v. Arizona

Police must read you your rights before questioning you.

Argensinger v. Hamlin

A lawyer must be provided for any crime that carries a jail sentence.

Furman v. Georgia

Paused the death penalty because it was being applied inconsistently.

Gregg v. Georgia

Re-legalized the death penalty after states made the process more fair.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Created the 'separate but equal' doctrine for segregation.

Brown v. Board of Education (I)

Overturned Plessy; ruled school segregation unconstitutional.

Brown v. Board of Education (II)

Ordered schools to desegregate with 'all deliberate speed.'

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg

Approved busing students to achieve integrated schools.

Milliken v. Bradley

Limited busing; school districts aren't responsible for segregation across city lines.

U.C. Regents v. Bakke

Race can be a factor in college admissions, but quotas are illegal.

SFFA v. Harvard / UNC

Banned the use of race as a factor in college admissions (Affirmative Action).