POWERPOINT 2

NORMAL INFANT DEVELOPMENT 0 - 6 MONTHS

baby takes first breath within about

10 seconds after delivery

what changes occur in the infants lungs and circulatory system

1. increased oxygen in the lungs causes a decrease in blood flow resistance to the lungs

\
2. blood flow resistance of the babys blood vessels also increases

\

3. fluid drains or is absorbed form the respiratory system

\

4. the lungs inflate and begin working on their own, moving oxygen into the bloodstream and removing carbon dioxide by breathing out (exhalation)

At rest, the full-term newborn infant is in a

flexed position called physiological \n flexion

what is physiological flexion

Recoil of flexed limbs when extended. Provides stability for early posture and random movements

Prone

belly

supine

back

newborn baby is more flexed in

prone

newborns movements are

random

progressive movements

rhythmic alternating flexion-extension movements of the \n limbs (upper and/or lower- can be one, or two, or three, or all four).

\
With these movements, the head does not move. These movements are similar to the swimming movements a fetus \n demonstrates in utero

symmetrical movements

Total body movements. These movements occur more \n slowly than progressive movements

startle movements

quick, brief movements of the head, trunk, and limbs into flexion

(some babies move into extension and then quickly into flexion).

With startle movements, the hands are closed.

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

when the baby turns its head to one side, the arm and leg of the other side flex

facial movements

grimaces, eyelid opening and closing, smiles, sucking and tongue movements

isolated movements

random and spontaneous movements of the wrists and fingers; extension and abduction of the toes

a newborns random movements will

vary with position and arousal

what are examples that may increase a baby’s movement

crying

hunger

cold

what are the six types of newborn movements

1. progressive movements
2. symmetrical movements
3. startle
4. asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
5. facial movements
6. isolated movements

newborns oral cavity is very

small

newborns structures within the oral cavity and the overall space it occupies is

large in comparison to the rest of the face

The tongue of a newborn is

huge in comparison with the rest of the oral cavity

the base of a newborns tongue lies in

the pharynx

newborns buccals/sucking pads/cheeks are needed for

sucking and suckling

Newborn lips (labial): orbicularis oris functions to

protrude the lips, round the lips and close the lips and assists in constricting the lips around the nipple for sucking

If the baby cannot suckle and “work” these muscles and these muscles provide stability for further development, what happens to baby’s feeding abilities??

The tongue lies within the oral cavity

The laryngopharynx

Extends from the hyoid bone down to the openings of \n the larynx and the esophagus

\n Muscles that attach to the hyoid bone and the larynx allow the pharynx to

play a very important role in feeding swallowing AND sound production, airway flow/development AND head and neck control

The suprahyoid muscles assist in

elevating the hyoid bone and larynx

stylohyoid

connects the hyoid bone to the base of the skull

The infrahyoid muscles

assist in depressing the hyoid bone and larynx. \n They also attach the hyoid bone to the sternum, clavicles, scapulae, ribs, and thyroid

The hyoid bone is directly attached to the

mandible

tongue

larynx

shoulder

scapulae

rib cage

why is the hyoid bone important

1. directly contributes to the movements of the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal areas.
2. it also contributes to the alignment of the head, neck, shoulder girdle, and rib cage.
3. It moves (Elevates and depresses) with the tongue and the larynx for swallowing.
4. It also actively participates in respiration
5. It also assists in maintaining the pharyngeal airway (elevating and depressing to clear \n residual secretions)

The diaphragm of the newborn is

positioned higher in the thoracic cavity at rest.

why is a newborns diaphragm positioned higher in the thoracic cavity

allows for more efficiency

what is the primary muscle of inspiration used by the newborn

The diaphragm

At birth, the ribs and the sternum are

primarily cartilaginous structures

At birth why are the ribs and the sternum primarily cartilaginous structures ?

To give these structures more flexibility and to make them less susceptible to forces placed on them by surrounding musculature and activity

the rooting response

When the side of the cheeks and lips are touched (tactile input/tactile stimulation), the baby’s head ALONG with the tongue, lips, and jaw, move toward that side

suckling

the tongue of the newborn move rhythmically with the jaw in an anterior--posterior direction or pattern

total pattern of sucking

The lips surround the nipple, rounded AKA flanged, but do not hold on to the nipple with the lips yet. The tongue licks at the nipple.

Sounds such as crying or vowel like sounds are produced upon exhalation in

newborns

Most of the sounds produced by the newborn are produced with

general body movement

newborn sound/phonation has

Short duration of sounds such as clicking noises are produced. \n

The cries and vowel like sounds are nasal in quality

does not drool! Minimal saliva production

newborns

newborns eyes

move with their head

\
look at feeder while. breast or bottle feeding within the first few weeks of life

In prone, the 1-2 month old can

lift its head to shoulder level

when does physiological flexion begin to diminish

first or second month

when can baby be held more upright on an adult shoulder

second month

when does infant begins to lift its head off of the shoulder to hold it upright momentarily

second month

In supine, the 1-2 month old

the arms and legs move randomly but are not as jerky. The arms move in wide ranges

at 1-2 months the baby will grasp a finger when it is placed into the baby’s hand

The baby does not yet know that it is holding a finger The grasping is reflexive and involuntary

sound/phonation in 1-2 month olds

Cries are longer and vary in pitch \n

Cries begin to sound different depending on “state” (hungry, \n uncomfortable, pain, tired)

The infant can see best when the object is 10-20 inches away

2 months old

Black and white patterns are interesting to the

1 month old

begins to use both eyes simultaneously, rather than \n one at a time

2 month old

hen held upright, the infant maintains its head in a vertical position

3 month old

Primitive reflexes begin to diminish and become integrated with the baby’s movement \n patterns

3-5 months old

3-5 months prone position

becomes functional for the infant. It can bear weight on the forearms, lift the head and shoulder girdle upward

The neck, trunk, and shoulder girdle are stretched and elongated when

3-5 months old

The 3-5 month old also has more ability to

reach and grab a dangling \n object or an object that is held in front of it/her/him. At first, \n accidentally, and then with purpose.

how do 3-5 month olds explore objects

with its mouth

\
baby is also able to bring its hands to its mouth more frequently. Grasping an object in its hands usually ends up right in the mouth

Drooling begins around

3-months

when can baby sit in a supported highchair and sit independently, with some external support

6 months

rolls between supine, sidelying, and prone with ease

6 months

Sucks liquid from the breast or bottle with improved sucking, greater \n coordination and longer sequences of sucking-swallowing- \n breathing

6 months

The rooting response is not present by

4 - 5 months

baby begins to use facial expressions at

6 months

Significant changes begin around 4-5 months of age in

oral motor development

In the 4-month old, the hyoid bone descends to

an inferior position below the body of the mandible

As postural control of the infant develops, the structures of the \n shoulder girdle, upper rib cage, larynx, tongue, and mandible \n directly impacts the alignment and function of the

hyoid bone

The hyoid bone influences the development of

controlled head movements and neck elongation, shoulder girdle activity, and rib cage movements

At around 4-5 months old, the infant’s suckling patterns begin to change. The lips begin to

actively hold on to the nipple more

at At around 4-5 months old, the infant’s suckling patterns begin to change from

SUCKLING (immature oral-motor movements) to the development of SUCKING (mature movements and patterns) begins

when does Consonant sounds emerge and babbling begin

5 months

The infant coos more vowel sounds with varying inflection and changes in pitch

5 months

Babbles longer and repetitive sounds (dadadadada)

6 months

Vocalizes pleasure sounds such as squealing and sounds with rising intonation

6 months