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Dorsal Root
Sensory (afferent) pathway that brings information into the CNS.
Ventral Root
Motor (efferent) pathway that sends information out to the body.
Reflex Arc Order
The sequence: Stimulus → sensory neuron → interneuron (integration center) → motor neuron → effector.
Effector
A muscle or gland that responds to a stimulus.
Ascending Tracts
Sensory information going to the brain.
Descending Tracts
Motor commands coming from the brain.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord, circulating nutrients and waste.
Meninges
Three protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
Sensory Adaptation
The decreased response to a constant stimulus, such as not feeling clothes after a while.
General Senses
Includes touch, pain, pressure, and temperature.
Special Senses
Includes vision, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A neurotransmitter primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system.
Ossicles
Three small bones in the ear: malleus, incus, and stapes.