FISH 310 Midterm

animal

multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes

proximate mechanism

how adaptations work

ultimate mechanism

why adaptations evolve that way

natural selection

traits that offer an advantage will be most likely passed on to offspring

phenotype

the observable characteristics of an organism that are a product of their genotype

poikilothermic

cannot control body temperature, changes with surrounding environment

phylum

based on major body plan

family

-id or -idae

taxon

any group of organisms given a formal taxonomic name

convergence

similar morphological features arise from separate origins

homology

evolution of similar structures from a recent common ancestor

protozoa

single celled microscopic animals (cilliates, flagellates, amoebas)

cilia

fastest protist locomotion

pseduopoda

slowest, used in feeding by amoebas

flagellum

whip-like, medium fast locomotion

schizogony

asexual reproduction that produces multiple offspring

encystment

dormant and highly resistant life stage used to wait out poor environmental conditions

protists

eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungi

amoebae

phagocytosis forms phagosome by surrounding prey to consume it

radiolarian

produce intricate skeletons

foraminiferans

produce shell-like casts out of calcium carbonate

choanoflagellates

outgroup to all animals, similar to choanocytes in sponges

parazoa

lack true tissues, filter feed through holes all over body

choanocyte

generate water current, filter food particles from water

sclerocyte

secretes silica spicules

amoebocyte

deliver nutrients, differentiates into other cell types

porocyte

controls water flow through ostia

germ layer

primary layer of cells that forms during embryonic development

diploblastic

two germ layers, present in radiata

triploblastic

three germ layers, present in bilateria

gastrulation

blastula forms and will differentiate to either mouth or anus

endoderm

internal body layer

ectoderm

external body layer, epidermis

mesoderm

middle layer

body cavity

fluid filled space where internal organs are suspended and separated from the body wall

acoelomate

lacks coelom

pseudocoelomate

mesoderm does not entirely surround coelom

coelomate

mesoderm entirely surrounds coelom

cnidarians

radial symmetry, two germ layers, true tissues, incomplete digestion, large surface area to volume ratio

cnidocyte

stinging cells exclusive to cnidaria, contain nematocysts

polyp

cylindrical, attached to substrate, thin mesoglea, creates calcium carbonate skeleton

medusa

free swimming, bell shaped, thick mesoglea, no hard skeleton

scyphozoa

swimming jellyfish, defined by manubrium (long muscular cylinder)

rhopalia

contain sensory organs on edge of jelly

planula

cnidaria larvae, cilliated

cubazoa

box jellies, defined tall square bell and tentacles in multiples of four

hydrozoa

hydroids, siphonophores and hydrocorals

zooid

single animal that is part of a colonial animal

staruzoa

eight tentacles with large clusters of nematocysts

myxozoa

single celled endoparasites, only nematocysts

anthozoa

sea anemones and corals, only polyp form

octocorallia

soft corals, sea pens, and gorgonians, softer reefs, branch in multiples of eight

hexacorallia

sea anemones and stony corals, reef builders with branches in multiples of six

ctenophora

eight rows of fused cilia, biradial symmetry, cannot be polymorphic or colonial

cydippida

coastal, retractable tentacles

lobata

large, used paired lobes to capture prey

beroida

flat and translucent, lack tentalces

cestoda

oceanic, far-offshore, non-colonial

platycneida

branched tentacles, similar to sea stars

statocysts

sensory structure for balance

ocelli

light sensory organs

worms

soft, tube-shaped, bilateral symmetry, tripoblastic, polyphyletic

platyhelminthes

tripoblastic, acoelomate, branched one way digestive, primitive nervous system, ciliated epidermis

protonephridia

made up of flame cells that remove metabolic waste

turbellaria

benthic and commensal, external gills (nudibranchs)

trematoda

two suction points for attachment, parasitize vertebrates

monogenea

opisthaphor (large suction plate), ectoparasites

cestoda

tapeworms and ribbon worms, repeating units

nematodes

roundworms, can fill any ecological niche

annelids

segmented coelomates, earthworms, bristleworms, and leeches

septa

internal walls that create segments

metamene

segment in the body

polychates

setae and parapodia, marine predatory annelids

atoke

somatically mature worm that does not produce gametes

epitoke

similar to budding, produce to find mate and reproduce

clitella

oligochates and hirudinaea

oligochates

setae but no parapodia, clitellum, specialized organs within segments

clitellum

link together for reproduction

hirudinae

no setae, posterior and anterior suckers, feed on blood