Chapter 13 Terms

Nomothetic Approaches

Methods that focus on general laws and principles that apply across individuals.

Humanistic Approaches

Psychological perspectives that emphasize personal growth and the concept of self-actualization.

Idiographic Approaches

Methods that focus on the individual and their unique experiences, rather than generalizing across groups.

Interactionism

A theoretical perspective that emphasizes the dynamic interplay between individual traits and situational factors.

Locus of Control

The degree to which individuals believe they have control over the outcomes of events in their lives.

Need for Cognition

A personality trait that reflects the tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking.

Behavioral Approach System (BAS)

A neurological system that regulates approach behavior and is associated with the experience of positive emotions.

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

A neurological system that regulates avoidance behavior and is associated with the experience of negative emotions.

Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS)

A biological system that prepares the body to respond to threats through fight, flight, or freezing behaviors.

Five-Factor Theory

A model of personality that proposes five broad dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Personality

The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character.

Personality Trait

A consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that a person exhibits across various situations.

Projective Measures

Assessment tools that use ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses that reveal aspects of an individual's personality.

Reciprocal Determinism

The theory that personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences all interact to shape personality.

Self-Esteem

An individual's overall subjective evaluation of their own worth.

Self-Schema

Cognitive representations of oneself that influence how individuals process information about themselves.

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to external factors.

Situationism

The theory that behavior is primarily influenced by situational factors rather than personal traits.

Social Comparison

The process of evaluating oneself in relation to others to gain self-knowledge.

Sociometer

A psychological mechanism that monitors the degree to which an individual is accepted or rejected by others.

Temperaments

Innate personality traits that influence how individuals respond to their environment.

Trait Approaches

Perspectives in psychology that focus on identifying and measuring individual personality traits.

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