Rhetoric Final

tropes and figures fall under which of the 5 canons?

style

what are the 5 canons of rhetoric and who came up with them?

Cicero

invention --> finding something to say

arrangement --> order of speech to make it effective

style --> artful expression of ideas

memory

delivery --> how you say it

trope

for the mind; tells us what we should be thinking

figure

appeals to how you hear something (ex. alliteration)

Aristotle said that rhetoric is a counterpart to what?

dialectic

Aristotle defined rhetoric as

faculty of observing, in any case, means of a persuasive argument

Aristotle defined dialectic as

art of discussion and reason

what are the 3 species of rhetoric?

deliberative --> addressed to the assembly, about the future, ends are either to do or not to do; expedient or not (good and advantageous); ethos

forensic/judicial --> addressed to jurors; about the past; ends are either to accuse or defend; just or unjust; logos

ceremonial/epideictic --> addressed to observers/critics; about the present; ends are to praise/blame; honor/dishonor; pathos

judge

determine without emotion

legislator

decision based on probability

doxa

shared beliefs of communities

endoxa

beliefs coming from reputable sources (ie. people w/ good character); Aristotle prefers this

what are the 4 uses of rhetoric?

1. truth and justice

2. there are audiences that need rhetorical savvy, they're probably not experts

3. we need to be able to argue contradictory positions

4. rhetoric can produce harmful AND beneficial things; it is the speaker's job to give precise arguments so the judge can do a good job

what are the artistic proofs?

ethos, pathos, logos

ethos

appearing credible or having good character

pathos

emotions; prompt to act

logos

speech; language

what are the inartistic proofs?

laws, witnesses, contracts, oaths, and torture

laws

if it's not on our side, appeal to a "universal law" (ie. justice, equality, etc.)

witnesses

ancient witnesses (ie. poets, Aristotle, etc.) or recent ones, but they're sometimes unreliable

contracts

based on relevance

torture

Aristotle considers this evidence reliable

which of the 3 artistic proofs is most important to Aristotle?

ethos; only those of good repute can give a good speech; knowledge of the soul allows the speaker to use language to reach the audience

tyke

luck affects wealth, power, and fortune

frunesis

common sense

questions we need to ask about emotion?

what is the state of the mind of the person feeling the emotion? towards whom are they feeling the emotion? and what are the circumstances of the emotion?

enthymemes

info that is left out, must be easy to fill in

topoi

lines of strategy of argument that we know will work; memory to recall common arguments

koina

subjects that are common to the genre of rhetoric

- past and future fact

- possible or impossible

- degree of magnitude/importance

deliberation

1. ways and means

2. war and peace

3. national defense

4. imports and exports

5. legislation

Doxa of all 5 must be considered as well

what does Plato say about the Sophists

they have no moral scruples bc they'll write on any side; they often make the weaker case appear stronger

Gorgias

could argue about ANYTHING, he amazed the Athenians

kairos

opportunity and timing

what's the difference between Gorgias and Protogoris?

Gorgias provides a monologues view whereas Protogoris provides a dialogues view

Protogoris

claimed to teach culture and virtue, first to openly call himself a Sophist

What are Plato's claims about rhetoric and dialectic?

dialectic is clear and precise, but rhetoric is not

Body

gymnastics

soul

rhetoric

telos

the end

Isocrates

established a rhetorical school in Greece; favored rhetorical education; training the mind for practical purposes

rhetorical logos

1. make logos the protaganoist and origin of life

2. associated rhetoric with civilized life

3. link rhetoric with social bonds by characterizing it as a guide

language gives what?

1. basics for survival by giving control over the world

2. creates social order

3. creates institutions

4. strengthens our feelings of belonging in the community

5. leads the way to other people

6. deliberation about other people

7. guides audiences to respond to call for action

Panegyricus

envy is a common cause and unifier; compares athletics and speech

Cicero's rules of rhetoric

1. nature, art, and practice are key to good speaking

- nature --> pleasant voice and projection

- art --> knowledge of topic and audience

2. eloquence --> sets us apart from other creatures

3. identify, arrange, memorize

Lloyd Bitzer

the rhetorical situation; just because there isn't anything being said doesn't mean it isn't a situation

Bitzer's 3 parts of rhetoric

1. audience --> receptors of rhetoric

2. exigence --> imperfection marked by urgency, must be corrected by the speech

3. constraints --> persons, events, objects, relations that have the power to limit action

Richard Batz

situations cannot exist without rhetoricians, utterance invites exigence, rhetoric controls response

Kenneth Burke

identification is fundamentally about transcendence through rhetoric

deterministic screen

occupational psychosis; usually drawn to things that are representative of the things we are fixated on

God terms

words that express ranking; motivational terms for groups or movements (ie. the good, democracy, equality, etc.)

devil terms

the opposite of God terms (can be the same word, just context)

Aristotle's 9 virtues, and the 5 best?

justice, courage, magnanimity, liberality, and prudence are the 5 best; other four are temperance, magnificence, gentleness, and wisdom

Aristotle has 10 categories, what are the big 3?

quantity, quality, and relative are the big 3; substance, time, place, position, condition, acting, and acted upon

what are the 3 things that inspire confidence in the speaker according to Aristotle?

goodwill, virtue, and practical wisdom

what are the 4 points of stasis?

conjecture --> did it happen?

definition --> what is it?

quality --> any extenuating circumstances?

place --> where you are

who said rhetoric is the good man speaking well?

Quintillian

the 5 predicables, and which are essential?

genus, species, and specific difference are essential; property and accident

what are the 3 acts of logic?

simple apprehension, composition/division, and deductive reasoning

what are the 3 types of style?

grand --> very ornate

middle --> higher than ordinary, lower than grand

plain --> ordinary, conversational

fallacies

Faulty Generalization, Post hoc, ergo propter hoc, Faulty Analogy, Begging the Question, Ad Hominem, Ad Populum, Red Herring, Complex Question

idia

topics specific to each species of rhetoric

forms of government

democracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, tyranny

dissoi logoi

contradictory arguments

lexis

words used in the argument

who defines rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion"?

Aristotle

Who said there are special topics associated with each species of rhetoric?

Aristotle