bio f4 chp1 + chp2 + chp3 + chp 9

lysosome

small dot but bigger than ribosome

breaks down bacteria & componenets of damaged cells, complex organic molecules(protein, nucleic acid)

nucleus

control cell activities

have chromosomes that has DNA to determine cell characteristics and metabolic function

ribosome

smallest dot, on surface of endoplasmic reticulum or cytoplasm

has protein and RNA

for protein synthesis

endoplasmic reticulum

continuous with nuclear membrane/near nucleus

a transport system for cell

provided wide surface for enzyme attachment and biochemical reactions

rough endoplasmic reticulum

transport protein synthesised by ribosome

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

transport glycerol and lipids

carries detoxification of drugs and metabolic by-products

plasma membrane

have proteins and phospholipids

seperates cell content from external environment

control movement of substances in and out of the cell

allow exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste materials between cells and surroundings

Golgi apparatus

Processes, modifies and transport protein, carbohydrate, glycoprotein

centriole

look similar to mitochondria, but smaller

forms spindle fibres during cell division

mitochondria

generates energy through glucose oxidation process during cell respiration

release energy in the form of ATP molecules to be used by cells

cell wall

made of cellulose fibre

maintain shape of plant cell

provides mechanical support to plant cells

fully permeable

cytoplasm

have oraganic compounds(protein, lipid, carbohydrate) and inorganic compound(potassium ions)

act as medium for biochemical reactions

chloroplast

absorbs sunlight to become chemical energy

have chlorophyll in grana

vacuole

absorbs water and the cell becomes turgid

in unicellular organims, it contracts during osmoregulation, osmosis and excretion

centriole, lysosome, ribosome

not present in plant cell

cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole

not present in animal cell

sperm cell

a lot of mitrochondria

it requires a lot of energy to swim towards uterus and Fallopian tube to fertilise secondary oocyte

muscle cell (flight muscles cells in birds and insects)

a lot of mitrochondria

requires a lot of energy to contract and relax to enable movement and flight

plant meristem cell

a lot of mitochondria

requires a lot of energy to carry out active cell division process to produce new cells

palisade and spongy mesophyll cell

a lot of chloroplast

absorb more sunlight to carry out photosynthesis

goblet cell

a lot of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

produce mucus

pancreatic cell

a lot of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

increase synthesis and secretion of digestive enzyme (pancreatic amylase-hydrolyses starch to maltose/trypsin-hydrolyses polypeptides to shorter peptides/lipase-hydrolyses lipids into fatty acids and glycerol) into duodenum through pancreatic duct

liver

a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

metabolises carbohydrates

detoxification of drugs and poisions

liver

a lot of mitochondria

metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acid synthesise plasma protein and enzyme

break down excess amino acid through deamination process to be excreted through urine

convert excess glucose to glycogen to be stored

detoxification of toxic substances

sharp objects

Category A

gloves, tissue papers

Category B

Animal carcasses, organs, tissues

Category C

blood

Category D