Public Speaking Midterm

Chapters 1 - 16

Conversational Model

Conversation between speaker and audience. Equal balance between listener and speaker.

Civic Model

Dialogue amongst the public. Reinforces a sense of community with an aspect of social betterment.

What are things a speaker can do to reduce communication apprehension?

PRACTICE PRACTICE PRACTICE.

Visualize the best and worst possible outcomes.

Freedom of the press

you can publicly criticize the government and the government can’t punish you for that

Freedom of Speech

Inherit human right to voice one’s opinion publicly. With freedom comes responsibility.

Selective Exposure

A psychological theory suggesting that people prefer information that supports their views and avoid information that does not

Pretend Listening

Body language that indicates we are listening (nodding your head) while we are thinking of other things

Selective Listening

A person attends to some auditory information while ignoring other

External Noise

External interference that distracts us from a message (Ex: Temperature, Phones, Sounds)

Internal Noise

Internal beliefs or issues with the speaker that prohibit that distract from the message (Ex: Values, Attitudes, mental wandering, stomach growling)

Rhetorical Triangle

The AUDIENCE, SPEAKER, and the SITUATION come together around the message

Speech Situation: Things to Think About

\-Location (where, size/arrangment of room)

\-Timelessness of the topic

\-Technology (check all components are working)

\-Demographics (age, sex, race, language, etc)

Audience Analysis definition

the process of studying an audience before, during, and after a speech

Stereotyping

an overgeneralization about a person or group based on assumed chracteristics

Implicit Bias

Unconciuous beliefs, feelings, attitudes, and stereotypes about others that influence our decisions and behavior.

Psychological Profile

An assessment of an audience’s beliefs, attitudes, and values regarding a topic

Gathering info indirectly

\-Taking info from secondary sources

\-Observation

\-Relying on past speaking experiences

Gaining info directly

\-Interviews, focus groups, surveys

\-Beliefs → open questions

\-Attitudes → scaled questions

\-Values → ranked questions

Prior or extrinsic credibility

Credibility speakers brings to the speech because of their experience or reputation

Demonstrated or intrinsic credibility

Obvious knowledge that the speaker shows during the speech

Terminal credibility

Final impression listeners have of the speaker

Free association

Sigmund Freud developed a technique to help patients overcome shyness by having them think of a word after saying something.

Concept mapping

visual representation between different concepts, usually depicted with arrows and lines (flow chart)

3 general purposes

inform, persuade, celebrate, honor, or mourn