Edexcel A-Level Geography Practice Flashcards

Compendium of practice flashcards covering Edexcel A-Level Geography Topics 3 (Globalisation), 4A (Regeneration), 7 (Superpowers), and 8A (Human Rights).

How does the transcript define globalisation?

The increasing interdependence between countries through flows of capital, trade, goods, services, culture, and ideas.

What is David Harvey's term for the feeling that the world is smaller due to technology and transport?

Time-space compression

Which index measures country-level globalisation across political, economic, and social dimensions?

KOF Index

According to the transcript, what are the three weightings of the KOF Index?

Political $39\%$, Economic $37\%$, and Social $24\%$

What does a Gini Coefficient of $0$ represent?

Perfect equality

How does the transcript define glocalisation?

Adapting a global product or brand to meet local tastes, such as the McDonalds Maharaja Mac in India.

Which term describes countries excluded from global flows of trade, capital, and labour?

Switched off

What is the significance of the 1978 Open Door Policy?

It was introduced under Deng Xiaoping and opened China to international business.

What was the primary impact of containerisation post-1945?

It slashed shipping costs and enabled time-space compression through over $200 \text{ million}$ container moves per year.

Which IGO promotes free trade by removing tariffs, subsidies, and quotas?

WTO (World Trade Organisation)

What specific garment factory collapse in 2013 highlighted the exploitation in global TNC supply chains?

Rana Plaza, Bangladesh

What happened to Detroit’s population between 1950 and 2012 due to deindustrialisation?

It fell from $1.8 \text{ million}$ to under $700,000$.

What is the Kuznets curve theory?

It suggests that as GDP rises, environmental degradation first increases and then decreases in the post-industrial phase.

What are SEZs, and which Chinese city is a primary example?

Special Economic Zones; Shenzhen is the flagship example.

What local response involves the creation of a local currency like the Totnes Pound?

Localism or Transition Towns

What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)?

The UK government's tool for measuring need, scoring areas across $7$ domains weighted towards income and employment.

What is the life expectancy gap between the most and least deprived areas of Middlesbrough?

$$12.6 \text{ years}$$

How many jobs were lost in the London Docklands between 1970 and 1980?

$$30,000 \text{ jobs}$$

What was the role of the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC)?

Established in 1981 as a UDC to compulsorily purchase land, bypass local planning, and lead regeneration.

Why does Cornwall have EU Objective One status?

Because its GDP is below $75\%$ of the EU average.

Which flagship project in Cornwall was built on a brownfield china clay quarry and employs $400$ full-time staff?

The Eden Project

What does the term 'brain drain' refer to in a rural context like Cornwall?

Young graduates leaving the area for better opportunities elsewhere.

How is superpower status defined in the lecture notes?

A state with global influence across military, economic, political, and cultural dimensions.

What is the difference between hard power and soft power?

Hard power uses military and economic coercion (threats/sanctions), while soft power influences through culture, values, and diplomacy.

What is Mackinder’s Heartland Theory?

The theory that whoever controls the Eurasian 'heartland' controls the 'World Island' and thus controls the world.

In Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, what are 'Core' nations?

Wealthy, industrialised states that extract value from Periphery nations.

What are the six pillars of superpower status?

Military, Economic, Political, Cultural, Technological, and Resource/Territorial power.

What percentage of global land area did the British Empire control at its peak in 1922?

$$25\%$$

What the primary reason for the effective veto power of the USA in the IMF?

The USA has $17\%$ of the votes, and major decisions require an $85\%$ majority to pass.

What is the estimated value of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)?

Over $\$1 \text{ trillion}$

What is the 'Nine-Dash Line'?

China's historical claim to approximately $90\%$ of the South China Sea, which is not recognised under international law.

What resource potential is estimated for the Arctic region?

Approximately $30\%$ of the world’s undiscovered natural gas and $13\%$ of its oil.

Which nations comprise the BRICS?

Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.

What is 'debt-trap diplomacy'?

A criticism of the BRI where countries like Sri Lanka lose control of assets (e.g., Hambantota Port) due to inability to repay Chinese loans.

What comprises the three dimensions of the Human Development Index (HDI)?

Health (life expectancy), Education (mean and expected years of schooling), and Standard of Living (GNI per capita, PPP).

What is the formula for the Happy Planet Index (HPI)?

$$\frac{\text{Wellbeing} \times \text{Life Expectancy}}{\text{Ecological Footprint}}$$

Which index measures reproductive health, empowerment, and labour market participation?

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

How many articles are contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)?

$$30 \text{ articles}$$

Where is the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) located?

Strasbourg

What does the Geneva Convention (1949) protect?

Wounded soldiers, shipwrecked forces, prisoners of war, and civilians during wartime.

What is the life expectancy gap between men in Blackpool and Kensington & Chelsea?

Approximately $10 \text{ years}$

What was a key finding of the 2010 Marmot Review?

Health inequalities in the UK widened after 2010 austerity cuts.

Which marginalized group in India faces systematic discrimination under the caste system?

Dalits (Scheduled Castes)

What is the current life expectancy gap between Aboriginal and non-Indigenous Australians?

$$8 \text{ years}$$

What was the primary human rights victory for the Māori in New Zealand via the Waitangi Tribunal?

The review of historical breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi, leading to settlements of land, cash, and apologies.

What significant legal reform did Evo Morales introduce in Bolivia in 2011?

The Law of Mother Earth, which gave nature legal rights.

What is the term for the system in Saudi Arabia where women require male permission for travel or work?

Male guardianship system (mahram)

How many people were killed in the 1994 Rwanda Genocide?

Between $500,000$ and $800,000$ people.

What was the 'unipolar' period of global power?

The period following the 1991 collapse of the USSR when the USA was the sole dominant superpower.

What is the 'Angola Model' of investment?

Oil-backed loans where China lends money for infrastructure and the African country repays in oil.

What are the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) targets compared to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

MDGs had $8 \text{ goals}$ and $21 \text{ targets}$; SDGs have $17 \text{ goals}$ and $169 \text{ targets}$.

What is Dambisa Moyo’s primary argument in 'Dead Aid'?

That aid creates dependency, undermines local producers, and props up corrupt governments.

How does tied aid reduce effectiveness?

Recipients must buy goods or services from the donor country, often at inflated prices, making it $20\%\text{--}30\%$ less effective.

What was the impact of the Jubilee 2000 Campaign for Zambia?

The country used the savings from debt relief to hire $4,500 \text{ teachers}$.

What is 'smart power'?

Joseph Nye's concept of strategically combining hard and soft power.

What is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) distance?

$200 \text{ nautical miles}$ from a nation's coast.

Which theory explains why TNCs offshore manufacturing to the 'periphery'?

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

What is 'neo-colonialism'?

Economic and political dominance of a country without formal colonisation.

What happened during the 2013 bankruptcy of Detroit?

The city filed for the largest municipal bankruptcy in US history with $\$18 \text{ billion}$ in debt.

What is 'gentrification'?

When wealthier newcomers raise property values in an area, often displacing original lower-income residents.

What is 'NIMBYism'?

'Not In My Back Yard' — local opposition to new developments or infrastructure projects.

How much did the DLR (Docklands Light Railway) cost to open in 1987?

$$\pounds 73 \text{ million}$$

When did China overtake Japan as the world's second-largest economy?

$$2010$$

What is the current unemployment rate in South Africa according to the BRICS comparison table?

Approximately $33\%$

What is 'Responsible to Protect' (R2P)?

A UN doctrine from 2005 based on the state's responsibility to protect populations from mass atrocities.

When was the US trade embargo on Cuba first imposed?

$$1962$$

Which specific group was targeted during the Rwanda Genocide?

Tutsis

What does the 'elephant graph' by Milanovic illustrate?

That the biggest income gains since 1988 went to the global middle class (emerging economies) and the top $1\%$, while the developed world middle class lost out.

What is 'transfer pricing' by TNCs?

When profits are channelled through tax havens (like Ireland) to avoid paying taxes in host countries.

Which term describes the loss of traditional language and religion under pressure from globalisation?

Cultural erosion