History final (fucking hell)

Sinking of Lusitania

• The sinking of the British ocean liner by a German U-boat in 1915, which contributed to the United States' entry into World War I.

Zimmerman Telegram

• A secret diplomatic communication sent by Germany to Mexico in 1917 proposing a military alliance against the United States, which contributed to U.S. entry into World War I.

Selective Service Act

• A law passed in 1917 that authorized the U.S. federal government to raise an army through conscription for World War I.

War Industries Board

• A U.S. government agency established during World War I to coordinate the production of war materials and supplies.

Consumer Society

A social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts, particularly prominent in the post-World War I era.

Langston Hughes

An influential African American poet, social activist, novelist, and playwright, known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance.

The Great Migration

The movement of over six million African Americans from the rural Southern United States to urban areas in the North and West from 1916 to 1970.

Booker T. Washington

An African American educator, author, and advisor to presidents, known for his advocacy of vocational education and economic self-reliance.

Bull Market

A financial market condition characterized by rising prices, typically associated with investor confidence and economic growth.

Herbert Hoover

The 31st President of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933, whose presidency was marked by the onset of the Great Depression.

Fireside Chats

A series of evening radio addresses given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to communicate directly with the American public during the Great Depression.

Causes of WW1 - MANIACS

Long-term causes

Militarism

• countries building huge armies and navies and glorifying war

• In the early 1900s, the European powers (Especially German and Britian) were in an arms race

• Nations believed in having a strong military = more powerful and protected and created more tension

Alliances

• European alliances made strict alliance systems that promises mutal defense

• Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia), which divided Europe into 2 armed camps

Imperialism

• European powers competed for colonies in Africa and Asia

• created distrust and rivalry between major powers like Britan and France and Germany

• Everyone wants to expand its empire ad protect its overseas intrests

Nationalism

• Made people are very loyal to their nation or ethnic group

• Empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire wanted independence

• Nationalism encouraged resistance in Serbia against Austria-Hungary

• Made countries more willing to go to war to defend their honor

Short-term causes

Assasination

• Serbian nationalists assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne—Franz Ferdinand

Conflict Submarine Warfare

• Germany used U-Boats (submarines) to attack ships around Britain

• They used unrestricted submarine warfare

• treatened civilians and neutral nations

• distrupted trade and supplies as britian depended on them so germany cut them off

• Pushed USA towards war as they began sinking usa ships

Factors leading to World War II, including the Treaty of Versailles, economic instability, and the rise of totalitarian regimes.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

The 32nd President of the United States, serving from 1933 to 1945, known for his leadership during the Great Depression and World War II.

Women’s Army Corps

A U.S. Army unit established during World War II that allowed women to serve in non-combat roles.

Nisei/422nd Infantry

The 442nd Regimental Combat Team, composed mainly of Japanese American soldiers, who fought valiantly in World War II.

Federal Highway Act of 1956

A law that authorized the construction of the Interstate Highway System in the United States, significantly impacting transportation and commerce.

Containment/ Iron Curtain

The Cold War policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism, symbolized by the 'Iron Curtain' that divided Eastern and Western Europe.

Korean Conflict

The war between North Korea (with support from China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (supported by United Nations forces) from 1950 to 1953.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 among Western nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.

Brinkmanship

A foreign policy strategy during the Cold War that involved pushing dangerous events to the brink of active conflict to achieve favorable outcomes.

Gulf of Tonkin

The site of two incidents in 1964 that led to the U.S. Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, escalating U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

Vietnamization

A U.S. policy aimed at reducing American involvement in the Vietnam War by transferring responsibility for the war effort to the South Vietnamese forces.

Arguments for Isolation

The belief that the United States should remain neutral and avoid involvement in foreign conflicts, particularly during World War I.

Arguments for Interventionism

The belief that the United States should actively engage in international conflicts and support allied nations, particularly during World War I.

Committee on Public Information

A U.S. government agency established during World War I to promote public support for the war through propaganda.

Industrial Workers of the World

• Vehemently opposed intervention

  • [war]... “a crime against the people of the United States… [call on the] workers of all countries to [refuse to fight]”

  • Socialist vote averaged 20%

Prohibition & 18th Amendment

• 18th amendment → Made it illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport alcohol in the USA

• The amendment was pushed by reform groups like the Temperance Movement and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) as they believed alcohol caused: crime and poverty

• Probation was the period when the 18th amendment was enforced through the Volstead Act which created major social and political changes

• the 21st amendment repealed the 18th amendment and ended probation

Equal rights Amendment

A proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of gender

The Messenger

A magazine founded by A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen in 1917, focusing on African American issues and social justice.

National Urban League

• Organization dedicated to economic empowerment, equality, and social justice for African Americans

• fight against the discrimination of African Americans

1922 Hawley-Smooth Act

A U.S. law that raised tariffs on imported goods, which contributed to a decline in international trade and worsened the Great Depression.

“Bonus Army”

A group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of a bonus promised to them.

New Deal Legislation

A series of programs and policies implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression aimed at economic recovery.

The Axis powers v. The Allies

The two opposing military alliances during World War II, with the Axis Powers including Germany, Italy, and Japan, and the Allies including the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union.

Normal Rockwell’s Four Freedoms

A series of paintings by Norman Rockwell inspired by President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1941 State of the Union address, depicting the freedoms of speech, worship, want, and fear.

Double Victory Campaign

A campaign during World War II advocating for victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home.

War Production Board

A U.S. government agency established during World War I to coordinate the production of war materials and supplies.

Suburbs/Levittown

Planned communities built in the post-World War II era, such as Levittown, that offered affordable housing for returning veterans and their families.

Truman Doctrine/Marshall Plan

U.S. foreign policy initiatives aimed at containing communism through military and economic aid to countries resisting Soviet influence.

NSC-68

A key U.S. policy document from 1950 that advocated for a significant increase in military spending to counter the Soviet threat during the Cold War.

Domino Theory

The idea that the spread of communism in one country could lead to the spread of communism in neighboring countries, influencing U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A 1962 confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the presence of Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba, which brought the world close to nuclear war.

The Tet Offensive

A major military campaign during the Vietnam War launched by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces in January 1968, which significantly impacted U.S. public opinion.

Fall of Saigon

The capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by North Vietnamese forces in April 1975, marking the end of the Vietnam War.

Central Powers (Triple Alliance)

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (later Bulgaria)

Triple Entente

Russia, Great Britain (Later Japan, Italy, Romania and U.S.")

Schench v. United States

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1919 that upheld the conviction of Charles Schenck for distributing anti-draft pamphlets, establishing the 'clear and present danger' standard for limiting free speech.

Wilson’s 14 Points

A statement of principles for peace negotiations to end World War I, proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s, celebrating African American culture and creativity.

Jazz Age

The period in the 1920s characterized by the popularity of jazz music and dance, reflecting the cultural changes of the time.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to fight for civil rights and eliminate racial discrimination.

New Artists and Writers

A term referring to the emerging generation of artists and writers during the Harlem Renaissance who contributed to the cultural landscape of the time.

The Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s, marked by high unemployment and widespread poverty.

The Election of 1932

The presidential election in which Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated incumbent Herbert Hoover, leading to the New Deal policies.

Relief, Recovery, and Reform

The three goals of the New Deal programs aimed at providing immediate relief for the unemployed, recovering the economy, and reforming the financial system.

Pearl Harbor

The surprise military attack by the Japanese on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, which led to the United States' entry into World War II.

Internment Camps (Order 9066)

Facilities where Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated and confined during World War II following Executive Order 9066.

Tuskegee Airmen

A group of African American military pilots who fought in World War II, known for their exemplary service and contributions.

GI Bill of Rights

Legislation that provided various benefits to returning World War II veterans, including education and housing assistance.

Sputnik (1957) and NASA (1958)

The launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, by the Soviet Union in 1957, which led to the establishment of NASA in 1958 to advance U.S. space exploration.

HUAC/ McCarthyism

The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigated alleged communist activities in the U.S., while McCarthyism refers to the anti-communist hysteria led by Senator Joseph McCarthy.

38th Parallel

The latitude line that served as the pre-war boundary between North and South Korea, which became the dividing line during the Korean War.

Eisenhower Doctrine

A U.S. policy announced in 1957 that promised military and economic assistance to Middle Eastern countries resisting communist aggression.

President Kennedy’s Response

President John F. Kennedy's decision to impose a naval blockade on Cuba and demand the removal of Soviet missiles during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

My Lai Massacre

A mass killing of between 347 and 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by U.S. Army soldiers during the Vietnam War in March 1968.

War Powers Act

A U.S. law passed in 1973 that limited the President's ability to engage U.S. forces in military conflicts without congressional approval.