EMES 442 Final

Neritic Zone (Continental shelf)

Includes all seafloor and open water habitats between the high water mark and the shelf ridge

Epipelagic zone

Upper 200 m of water

Benthos

Animals and plants associated with the seafloor

Infaunal

Can burrow within the soft seabed

Epifaunal

Live on the seabed surface

Ekman transport

Is the net motion of fluid as a result of the Coriolis effect and turbulent drag forces

Subtidal zone

The entire remainder of the sea from the low water tidemark to the greatest depth of the ocean

Abyssopelahic Zone

From 4000 to 6000 m

The Coriolis effect

Causes fluids and air to curve as they travel across or above Earth's surface. Due to the spinning of the earth

Mesopelagic Zone

From 200 to 1,000 m

Bathypelagic Zone

From 1000- 4000m

Nekton

Larger organism that can swim freely despite current or turbulence

Plankton

Organisms that live suspended in the water. Cannot counteract ocean current or turbulence.

Adding heat to water does what to density?

Decreases density

Adding salt to water does what to density?

Increases density

Neuston

Organisms associated with the sea surface

Hadal Zone

Environments at seabed & in the water of trenches (>6000m)

Thermocline

Rapid change in temperature over a short vertical distance

Intertidal Zone

Range of depths between highest and lowest extent of the tides

What are the three key components to Marine Biology?

Ecology, Functional Biology, Biodiversity

What important change in scientific inquiry occurred in the 19th century that allowed for the expansion of Marine Biology as a field?

The emergence of the study of “natural philosophy”

Which of the following describes how Michael Sars disproved the Azoic Theory?

Sampled the deep Norwegian fjords

SCUBA allows for exploration of what depth habitats?

Neritic zone

Pelagic zone

Intertidal zone

Piccard and Walsh descended in the Trieste into what depth habitat zone?

Hadal Zone

Three of the ocean basins are connected in the southern hemisphere in a body of water called the

southern ocean

In the Northern hemisphere, if wind moves from the West to the East over the ocean surface, in what direction is the net water movement due to Ekman transport

South

Thermohaline Circulation

What drives ocean currents in the upper 100 meters of the ocean?

Wind

What drives deep ocean currents?

Thermocline Circulation

Thermohaline Circulation

The process of deep-water circulation driven by temperature and salinity.

Trichodesmium

Diatom (Pennate)

Diatom (Centric)

Diatom

Dinoflagellate

Dinoflagellate

Diatom

Dinoflagellate

Synechococcus

Prochlorococcus

Coccolithophores

What is A?

Phosphates and Nitrates at the surface

What is B?

Spring Bloom

What is C?

Available sunlight

What is D?

Number of zooplankton

What percent of oxygen on Earth is generated by marine primary producers?

70%

Primary Producer

An organism capable of using the energy derived from light or a chemical substance to make an energy-rich organic compound.

Primary Consumer

An organism that consumes a primary producer

Top-Down Effect

Occurs when predators consume their prey

Bottom-Up Effect

Changes in lower trophic level exert strong effects on ecosystem

Nonconsumptive Effect

The presence of a predator causes prey species to retreat to shelter. This reaction reduces predation at the next level down in the food chain.

Primary Production

The synthesis of organic compounds from CO₂ (Mainly occurs through photosynthesis)

Who carries out 90% of primary production in the ocean?

Phytoplankton

Photoinhibition

Decrease in photosynthesis due to excess light

Does primary production increase or decrease with depth?

Decrease due to less light

Gross Primary Production (GPP)

Total C fixed

Net Primary Production (NPP)

Amount of C made into new phytoplankton biomass and available to primary consumers

(GPP-respiration)

Respiration

The process by which an organism breaks down organic matter (glucose/Oxygen) to release chemical energy (ATP, NADH)

Compensation depth

The discrete depth at which the light intensity is sufficient for phytoplankton to have equal photosynthesis and respiration

Critical depth

The depth at which the integrated value of P and R are equal

What happens if mixing is below critical depth?

Phytoplankton blooms can’t form

What is NPP in the Light/dark bottle method of measuring primary production

light bottle

What is GPP in the Light/dark bottle method of measuring primary production

light bottle - dark bottle

Oligotrophic

Where there are Low nutrients so low rates of P.P.

Eutrophic

Where there are high nutrients so high rates of P.P.

What affects primary production in Tropical regions?

Nutrient Limited

What affects primary production in polar regions?

light limited

What affects primary production in temperate regions?

Affected by nutrient and light limitations due to seasonality.

Summer mixing depth

shallower due to reduced winds, thermocline from warming surface waters

Winter mixing depth

Deep due to strong winds and isothermal temps in water

What is the most abundant type of phytoplankton in the ocean?

Picoplankton

Where are Trichodesmium found

Nutrient-poor tropical and subtropical ocean water

What are the cell walls of diatoms made of?

Silicia

What are the cell walls of dinoflagellates made of?

Cellulose

What does the toxic bloom pseudo-nitzshia produce and how does it affect humans?

Domoic acid (neurotoxin). It can cause loss of short memory

Toxic diatom

pseudo-nitzshia

Toxic dinoflagellates

Gambierdiscus

What does the toxic bloom gambierdiscus produce and how does it affect humans?

Ciguatoxin. Causes ciguatera fish poisoning

Which of the following is not a bacterial primary producer?

Coccolithophore

Photic zone

layer with light intensity >1% of surface light

HNLC stands for ______and typically have ______ levels of phytoplankton abundance in these regions. 

High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll; low

If a phytoplankton bloom respires 7 g glucose per square meter per day and incorporates 10 g glucose per square meter per day into biomass, what was the total amount of glucose produced during photosynthesis (GPP)?

17 g per square meter per day

Where is critical depth?

Below 100 meters

Where is compensation depth?

60 meters

What are the cell walls of coccolithophores made of?

calcium carbonate

provide buoyancy

What does sulfuric acid do for the brown algae desmarestia ligulata?

degrades the calcium carbonate teeth of sea urchins to prevent predation

Which type of algae is harvested for carrageenan and agar?

Red Algae

How is pollen from sea grasses transported?

Transported by water

Heterotroph

Obtain carbon from external sources to respire for energy

Microbial Loop

The process by which dissolved organic matter is returned to higher trophic levels through incorporation into bacterial biomass

What is DOC and what consumes it?

Bacteriophage

Viruses that infect bacteria

Which zone are bacteriophages most common in?

Epipelagic zone (Photic Zone)

Viral Shunt

The transfer of energy and nutrients from living organisms into the dissolved phase trough process of viral lysis

Viral Lysis

Process which virus induce destruction of host cells

Which types of zooplankton are protists?

Ciliates, Foraminifera(foram), Radiolaria

Which of the following can sometimes retain chloroplasts from ingested phytoplankton and use photosynthetic products?

Ciliates

Which of the following excrete an external calcium carbonate skeleton divided into chambers?

Forams

What is the Radiolaria’s skeleton of radiating spines and spheres made of?

Silicia