Year 9 Humanities Exam Revision Flashcards

Flashcards covering the Industrial Revolution, Australian history between 1750 and 1918, and World War I causes and events.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid development in manufacturing and industry from 1750 to 1900, particularly in Britain.

Coal and Iron

Coal fuelled machinery in factories for mass production, while Iron was used to create the machinery that powered the coal powered.

Steam Engine (1710)

A pivotal mechanism invented by Thomas Newcoman to pump water from coal mines, which later powered machinery after being refined.

James Watt

The creator of an efficient steam engine.

Railways

Revolutionised transport by allowing fast transport of goods and permitting workers to live in newly developed suburbs further from factories.

Telegraph

A communication device used to send messages over a distance through code using wires and radio waves.

Telephone

Patented in 1876 to transmit the human voice over a distance using electricity waves.

Urbanisation

The process of mass migration of people moving from rural areas into cities and towns in search of work.

Factory System

A method of manufacturing involving improvement of machinery and efficiency in goods production using a factory line for mass production.

Mass Production

The wild scale creation of goods, usually done using a factory system.

Innovation

The process of turning ideas into substantial, value creating solutions.

Captain James Cook

A British explorer who claimed the East Coast of Australia on 19 April 1770.

Terra Nullius

A term meaning land belonging to no one.

The First Fleet

Arrived on 26th January 1788 to establish a colony in Australia due to overcrowded British prisons.

Governor Arthur Phillip

The first Governor of the NSW colony.

Botany Bay

The initial choice for settlement due to its warm climate and fertile soil.

Sydney Cove

The location where the settlement moved after Botany Bay due to a lack of water supply.

Port Macquarie

A severe 'final destination' for convicts who had yet to complete their sentence under even harsher conditions.

Gold Rush

A period in Australian history beginning in 1851 after gold was discovered in Ballarat and New South Whales.

Eureka Stockade

A 1854 rebellion in Ballarat where miners fought against unfair treatment and mining license regulations.

Egalitarianism

The belief sparked by the Eureka Stockade that everyone should be treated equally.

Federation

The coming together of different colonies to form one nation in 1901.

Edmund Barton

The first Prime Minister of Australia.

Colony

A territory controlled by a foreign power.

Democracy

A system of government from the terms 'Demos' and 'Cratos' meaning 'ruled by the people'.

Immigration

The act of moving to a new country to permanently live there.

MANIA

The acronym for the causes of WWI: Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Assassination.

Militarism

A focus within a country on building strength in military forces by growing the armed forces.

Alliances

A series of agreements formed by different European powers working together.

Nationalism

A sense of pride and love for one’s country.

Imperialism

The process of gaining and maintaining control over other places for economic or strategic reasons.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The triggering event of WWI carried out by a Serb Nationalist, escalating tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.

Triple Alliance

The alliance consisting of Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

Triple Entente

The alliance consisting of the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s plan to quickly take over France before Russia could rally their troops.

Stalemate

A deadlock or drawn contest that began when alliances failed to drive back German invasions, leading to trench warfare.

Trench Warfare

A fighting mechanism involving digging deep ditches underground to protect soldiers from enemy fire.

No Man's Land

The extremely dangerous area between opposing trenches filled with mud, barbed wire, and shell craters.

ANZAC

An acronym for the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.

Gallipoli Campaign

A campaign from 25 April 1915 to November 1915 in Turkey designed to attack the Ottoman Empire.

Propaganda

Biased or misleading information used to promote a political cause or point of view.

Conscription

The mandatory enlistment of civilians into national military service.

Plebiscite

A direct vote by all electors in a country, city, or state on a specific or important issue.

Armistice

An agreement between warring parties to stop fighting, signed at 5 am on 11 November 1918.

Treaty of Versailles

An official document signed in 1919 marking the end of the war, outlining the surrender of central powers and forcing Germany to pay reparations.

Consequences of WW1

The consequences of World War I included significant political, economic, and social changes, such as the redrawing of national boundaries, the rise of new nations, economic hardship in Europe, and the establishment of the League of Nations.

Outcomes of the 1916 and 1917 conscription plebescite

The outcomes of the 1916 and 1917 conscription plebiscites in Australia reflected deep divisions in society regarding military service during World War I. Both votes resulted in a majority rejecting conscription, demonstrating the public's resistance to mandatory enlistment.

Where did Ausralia fight during the war?

Australia fought in various locations during World War I, including Gallipoli, the Western Front in France and Belgium, and the Middle East. These battles were crucial in shaping Australia's national identity and contribution to the war effort.

Why did Australia enter the war?

Australia entered World War I to support Britain as part of the British Empire. The desire to defend imperial interests and a sense of national duty motivated enlistment among Australians.

What were conditions like inside the trenches?

Conditions inside the trenches during World War I were often horrific, characterized by mud, disease, and constant threat from enemy fire. Soldiers endured harsh weather, limited food supplies, and unsanitary living conditions, which led to psychological and physical suffering.

Benefits of Federation

The benefits of Federation included the establishment of a national government, greater defense capabilities, improved trade and economic unity among states, and the creation of a unified legal system. It allowed for more coordinated policies and national infrastructure development.

Captain Cook claims east coast for Britain

1770

First Fleet arrives

1788

Gold discovered in Australia

1851

Eureka Stockade

1854

Federation

1901

WWI begins

1914

Gallipoli landing

25 April 1915

Armistice signed

11th November 1918

Treaty of Versailles signed

1919