APCSP UNIT 6 VOCAB

Social media

applications & websites that allow users to share content & participate in social networking that may have otherwise had socioeconomic barriers

Socioeconomic

Difference among groups based on geography, social , & economic factors

Search tools

Directories & search engines on the internet that are essential for finding information efficiently on the Web.

Crowdfunding

Entrepreneurs using online access to customers as a means of funding their project.

Metadata

data about data

Cloud computing

Storing, accessing & processing data using remote servers over a network rather than a local server or computer.

Client-server model

the clients are the end-users and communicate with the server (a centralized computer) that services the clients.

Internet

network infrastructure composed of devices (or nodes)that communicate via protocols

Network

connection of devices & networks to communicate using addresses & protocols

Routing

The process of moving information over a network via a device called a router.

Bandwidth

Measure of bit rate of a system or data (measured in bits) that can be sent in a fixed amount of time over a system.

Latency

The time elapsed between the transmission & the receipt of a request in a system.

Routing Redundancy

Having multiple options between two points increases the reliability of the internet & helps it scale to more devices & more people

WWW (World Wide Web)

System of linked pages, programs, & files that uses the internet in order to transmit content

SMTP Protocol

Email communication standard developed & overseen by the the internet engineering task force

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol developed by Internet Engineering Task Force, this protocol determines how data & messages are formatted, transmitted, & responded to via the internet

HTTPS

HTTP with a secured socket layer (SSL) or transport layer security (TLS) as a sublayer that encrypts & decrypts user data & requests for added security

Internet Protocol

The protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the internet

TCP/IP

Standard for packets & routing

SMS

Short message services. Text messaging allows users to send up to 160 characters to another device. If the message is longer it may truncate, concatenate and/or split up into several individual messages.

Interface

User friendly picture oriented way to interact with technology, contributing to the widespread use of the internet.

Protocols

Common set of rules that computers must abide by in order to connect with each other. The protocols used in the internet are open, which allows users to easily connect additional computing devices to the internet.

Application Program Interfaces (APIs)/Libraries

set of routines, protocols, & tools for building software applications which simplify complex programming tasks

IP Address

Unique identification for each device that's connected to a computer network & uses internet protocol.

IPv6

Internet protocol, version 6 - 128-bit internet address consisting of eight 4-character hexadecimal numbers to handle routing of many more devices.

IPv4

Internet Protocol, version 4 - A 32-bit internet address consisting of four numbers each between 0 through 255, separated by periods (represents 8 bits)

Domain

group of devices connected on a network using the same protocol to access & administer web pages.

Domain Name System (DNS)

The way that domain names are located & translated into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.

Hierarchy

Arrangement of elements in a ranking of superiority. The internet & systems are built from the top (root) down.

Packet Switching

Digital datas sent by breaking the data into blocks of bits called packets, which contain both the data being transmitted and control information for routing the data

Data Stream

Information passed through the internet as a data stream. Data streams contain chunks of data, which are encapsulated in packets

Encryption

The process of converting information or data into a code, especially to prevent unauthorized access.

Decryption

Process of decoding the data that was encrypted

Symmetric key system

encryption method where each pair of users share a secret key

Asymmetric key system

encryption method that uses different keys to encrypt & decrypt

Public-key encryption

Asymmetric encryption method that uses a public key (made available publicly) & private key (available to owner only)

Certificate authorities

CA’s issue digital certificates that validate ownership of encrypted keys used in secured communications & are based on a trust model

Trust Model

Validation of one's identity necessary for an event or transaction to occur

Open platforms

Software based on open standards where there's no single ownership & is freely available through open license.

Closed Platforms

Proprietary software where the provider has control over the application & content & can restrict access

Open standard

Standard where documentation & specifications are open to the public

Closed standard

Standard where documentation & specifications are not available to the public

Open source

Publicly available information that is free to use, distribute, modify, & study.

Closed source

Privately owner information that is proprietary

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

The standard security technology for establishing an encrypted link between a web server and browser, typically indicated with a padlock icon in the address bar

Net neutrality

The internet is built around the notion of free & open access to information with no blocking, throttling, or paid prioritization

Cybersecurity

Measures taken to protect a computer or computer system against unauthorized access or attack

Confidentiality

Ability to limit access to information to a certain set of users

Integrity

The certainty that information is accurate

Availability

The reliability of access to information

Firewall

Part of a computer system or network that is designed to block unauthorized access while permitting outward communication

DDoS Attack

Distributed Denial of Service- an attempt to make an online service unavailable by overwhelming it with traffic from multiple sources

Viruses

Code that's capable of copying itself & corrupting a system or destroying data

Social engineering

The psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information

Malware

Software that's intended to damage or disable computers & computer systems

Phishing

Obtaining confidential information by masquerading as an “Official” person, site, or entity. A form of social engineering

Tim Berners-Lee

Created the set of fundamental tools & technologies that make up the World Wide Web

Hyperlinks

Clickable bits of text, images or other screen elements within an HTML document that a user can select to request another document or web location

Sequential computing

A computational model in which operations are performed in order one at a time

Parallel computing

A computational model where the program is broken into multiple smaller sequential computing operations, some of which are performed simultaneously

Distributed computing

A computational model in which multiple devices are used to run a program

Botnets

Network of private computers infected with a malicious software & controlled as a group without the owners knowing

Bitcoin Mining

The processing of transactions in the digital currency system, in which the records of current Bitcoin transactions, known as blocks, are indeed to the record of past transactions, known as the blockchain.

Internet of Things

The network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, & other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, & connectivity which enables these objects to connect & exchange data

Sensor networks

Autonomous sensors that measure environmental conditions such as light, temperature & sound which facilitate new ways of interacting with the environment & with physical systems.

Autonomous technology

Technology that can function without being told what to do - i.e. Robots.