Digestive System

or/o

mouth

orofacial - relating to the mouth and face

bucc/o

cheek

buccogingival - pertaining to the cheek and the gums

cheil/o

lip

cheilitis - inflammation of the lip

labi/o

lip (of the mouth or genitals)

labiodental - relating to the lips and teeth

palat/o

palate (roof of the mouth)

palatoplasty - surgical repair or reconstruction of the palate

uvul/o

uvula

uvulitis - inflammation of the uvula

lingu/o

tongue

sublingual - pertaining to the area or structures under the tongue

gingiv/o

gums

gingiva - gums

gingivitis - inflammation of the gums

dent/i

teeth

dentist - a medical professional specializing in teeth

odont/o

teeth

odontology - the study of anatomy, growth and disease of the teeth

rugae

the series of anatomical folds in the mucous membrane in hollow organs, primarily the stomach, vagina, bladder and hard palate

papillae

small, nipple like anatomical structure, elevation or projection from the body, most notable on the tongue, skin and kidneys.

Major parts of the oral cavity

faci/o

face

facial surface - the outside surface of the teeth. Opposing the lingual surface

The stomachs parts

lower esophageal sphincter (esophagus delivers food to the stomach)

fundus (upper portion)

body (middle section)

antrum (lower section)

pyloric sphincter (stomach releases food to the small intestine)

Small intestine parts

duodenum (1 ft, receives food from the stomach and bile from the liver and the gallbladder and pancreatic juices) [digestion via bile and pancreatic juices]

jejunum (8 ft, connects to the next section)

ileum (11 ft, attaches to the large intestine)

villi (peaks to increase the surface area of the small intestine)

Large intestine parts

ileocecal valve (sphincter connecting the ileum to the cecum)

cecum (pouch-like first section, receives undigested food, absorbs salts and fluid, connects to the appendix)

colon (5 ft, 4 segments)

ascending colon (extends from the cecum to the underside of the liver, turns left (hepatic flexure) and transitions into the transverse colon)

transverse colon (passes horizontally left towards the spleen (splenic flexure) then down into the descending colon)

descending colon (connects the transverse to the sigmoid colon)

sigmoid colon (S shaped, connects the descending colon to the rectum)

rectum (the muscle that holds stool before defecation)

anus (the termination of the gastrointestinal tract)

Liver (bile)

produces bile containing cholesterol, bile acids and bile pigments. Bilrubin is a bile pigment that gives feces their brownish colour. It continuously produces bile, which passes through the hepatic duct to meet the cystic duct and enter the gallbladder

Jaundice

aka hyperbilirubinemia

blocked bile duct accumulates bilirubin in the bloodstream instead of excreting it in the bile

Gallbladder

connects to the cystic duct. A pear-shaped sac under the liver that stores and concentrates bile for later use. Releases bile in response to food in the stomach and duodenum via the common bile duct.

Pancreas (exocrine)

secretes pancreatic juices (enzymes) that are released into the pancreatic duct, which meets the common bile duct before the duodenum. It produces amylase, lipase and protease

Liver (general)

helps maintain glucose levels, manufactures blood proteins required for clotting, releases bilirubin and removes toxins and poisons from the blood.

Bile

acts as a detergent to break down fat in foods and increase surface area for digestion

Portal vein

brings blood from the liver to the intestines, and nutrients are absorbed by the small intestine and pass into the portal vein, giving the liver the first chance to use them.

Pancreas (endocrine)

secretes insulin into the bloodstream, which acts as a carrier to bring glucose into the cells and out of the bloodstream

an/o

anus

anoscope - an instrument to examine the anus and lower rectum

append/o

appendix

appendectomy - removal of the appendix

appendic/o

appendicitis - inflammation of the appendix

cec/o

cecum

cecal - referring to the cecum

celi/o

belly, abdomen

celiac disease - damage to the lining of the small intestine caused by gluten

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

cholecystectomy - surgical gallbladder removal

chol/e

gall, bile

choledoch/o

common bile duct

choledochtomy - a surgical incision into the common bile duct

col/o

colon

colostomy - a surgical procedure that creates an opening called a stoma in the abdominal wall

colon/o

colon

colonic - a flush of the large intestine

duoden/o

duodenum (1st section SI)

duodenal - pertaining to the duodenum

ile/o

ileum (3rd section SI)

ileitis - inflammation of the ileum

jejun/o

jejunum (2nd part SI)

jejunolileitis - inflammation of the jejunum and ileum

mandibul/o

lower jaw, mandible

mandibulectomy - surgical removal of all or part of the lower jaw

odont/o

tooth

orthodontist, periodontist, endodontist - straightening specialist, disease specialist, internal tooth specialist

peritone/o

peritoneum (membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity)

peritoneocentesis - a surgical puncture to remove fluid from the peritoneal cavity

proct/o

anus and rectum

proctologist - anus and rectum specialist

pylor/o

pyloric sphincter

pyloroplasty - a surgical procedure that destroys the pyloric sphincter so the stomach empties quicker and easier

sialaden/o

salivary glands

sialadenitis - inflammation of the salivary glands

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon (lower third)

sigmoidoscopy - examination of the sigmoid colon with a small camera

uvul/o

uvulectomy - surgical removal of all or part of the uvula

amyl/o

starch

amylase - enzyme responsible for the digestion of starch

bil/i

gall, bile

biliary - anything to do with bile, the liver, gallbladder or bile ducts

chlorhydr/o

hydrochloric acid

achlorhydria - absence of hydrochloric acid related to gastric carcinoma

glycogen/o

glycogen, animal starch

glycogenesis - liver breaking down animal starches when blood sugar is low

lith/o

stone

lithogenesis - the formation of calculi or stones

py/o

pus

pyorrhea - “discharge of pus” used to describe periodontitis aka gum disease

prote/o

protien

protease - enzyme for the digestion of protein

sial/o

saliva, salivary

sialolith - salivary stone

steat/o

fat

steatorrhea - the improper excretion of fat in the feces

-ase

enzyme

lipase - enzyme to break down fats

-chezia

defecation, elimination of waste

hematochezia - excretion of bright red blood from the anus, usually with stool

-prandial

meal

postprandial - after a meal

-emesis

vomiting

hematemesis - vomiting up blood

-pepsia

digestion

dyspepsia - indigestion

-ptysis

spitting

hemoptysis - coughing up or spitting up blood

-rrhage, -rrhagia

bursting forth (blood)

hemorrhage - loss of a large amount of blood over a short interval

gastrorrhagia - hemorrhage or bleeding from the stomache

-rrhaphy

suture

herniorrhaphy - suture to repair a hernia

-stasis

stopping, controlling

cholestasis - the flow of bile from the liver is interrupted

-stenosis

narrowing, tightening, stricture

pyloric stenosis - a congenital narrowing that causes blockages in the flow of food in newborns

-tresia

opening

atresia - absence of an opening

esophageal atresia - congenital anomoly where the esophagus does not connect to the stomach

colangi/o

bile ducts

cholangitis - inflammation of the bile ducts usually from a bacterial infection

AFP

alpha-fetoprotein - tumour marker for liver cancer

alk phos

alkaline phosphate

ALT, AST

alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase - enzymes measured in blood to evaluate liver function

BE

barium enema

BM

bowel movement

BRBPR

bright red blood per rectum - hematochezia

CD

celiac disease

CIC

chronic idiopathic constipation

CT

computed tomography

EGD

esophagogastoduodenoscopy

EPI

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

ESLD

end-stage liver diease

EUS

endoscopic ultrasonography

FOBT

fecal occult blood test

G tube

gastrostomy tube - feeding tube

GB

gallbladder

GERD

gastro

GI

gastrointestinal

HBV

hepatitus B virus

HCC

hapatocellular carnioma

IBD

inflammatory bowel disease

IBS

irritable bowel syndrome

J-tube

jejunostomy tube - feeding tube

LAC

laparoscopic-assisted colectomy

LAP

laprascopic

LFT's

liver function tests - alk phos, bilirubin, AST, ALT

MRCP

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

NASH

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (fatty liver)