Psych Test 6

What does clinical psych study and evaluate?

It studies mental disorders and evaluates if people are thinking and behaving in maladaptive ways.

What is a maladaptive behaviour?

One that causes distress, limits functioning in daily life and increases risks of harm+ injury

What are ways to tell if a behaviour is abnormal? Do you need to possess all 6?

• unusual?

• violate social norms?

• wrong sense of reality?

• distress to you or others?

• maladaptive?

• dangerous?

No

What is the medical model?

Viewing psychological disorders like physical illnesses

What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)?

A manual that establishes criteria for diagnosing mental disorders

What does the DSM help clinical psychologists?

by everyone using consistent terminology

What is the current version of the DSM?

DSM-5

WHat approach do clinical psychologists use to determine a diagnoses?

The Biopsychosocial approach

What is M’Naghten Rule?

That you can be found not guilty in a court case for reasons of insanity

What does a person with a personality disorder cause for themselves?

distress and impaired functioning

What kind of personality disorder is Cluster A?

They are MAD and WEIRD

(eccentric, and odd)

What are the kinds of cluster A personality disorders?

Schizoid, Paranoia, Schizotypical

What kind of personality disorder is Cluster B?

They are BAD and WILD

(dramatic and emotional)

What are the kinds of cluster B personality disorders?

Borderline, Narcissistic, Histrionic, Antisocial

What kind of personality disorder is Cluster C?

They are SAD and WORRIED

(anxious and fearful)

What are the kinds of cluster C personality disorders?

Avoidant, Obsessive-Compulsive and Dependent

What is a High Conflict personality?

someone who creates lots of conflicts by blaming and pining the problem on someone else

What are Dissociative Disorders?

disconnection with their surrounding and conscious awareness (zoning out)

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?

often linked to trauma or brain injury, having the presence of 2 or more distinct identities where only one is in control at a time

What are Anxiety disorders?

disorders that are centred around fear/nervousness and people’s behaviour is often irrational and excessive

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

chronic and obsessive worrying about everyday life

What is anxiety a response to?

stressful events and if you should fight-or-flight

What are phobias?

A persistent and irrational fear of a specific object or situation

What is agoraphobia?

fear of panic or having panic attacks in public spaces

What is social anxiety disorder?

fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

obsessions create anxiety and the compulsions that are acted on reduce this anxiety for a time being

What is Major Depression?

prolonged periods of sadness and feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness

What are the three elements of depression?

Internalizing, Stabilizing and Globalizing

What does stabilizing mean regarding depressive explanations?

to say that life will never change

What does globalizing mean regarding depressive explanations?

to say it affects everything in your life

What is Bipolar Disorder?

mood disorder with both mania and depression components

What is Schizophrenia?

A developmental disorder that affects delusions and hallucinations

What is Catatonia? Which disorder is it involved with?

a person becomes immobile and unresponsive

Schizophrenia

What is disorganized schizophrenia?

ways of behaving are inappropriate and all over the place

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

behaviours that should not be normally occurring (new ones)

• Hallucinations, delusions and disorganized behaviours

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

no emotions, social withdrawal and low motivation

What is the early stage of schizophrenia?

The Prodromal phase, involving confusion and low motivation

What is the second stage of schizophrenia?

The Active phase, involving hallucination and delusions

What is the third stage of schizophrenia?

The Residual phase, happens after an episode so less motivation and withdrawal

What can trigger a relapse of schizophrenia?

Stress

Which people in the same family have the highest risk of both having schizophrenia?

identical twins

What structure in the brain can be a biological explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia?

enlarged ventricles

What are 3 prenatal risk factors for developing schizophrenia?

Maternal stress, prenatal infections and malnutrition

What are insight therapies?

talk-based therapies that focus on awareness and understanding about feelings and behaviours that the client possesses

What is psychoanalytic therapy?

Where a clinical psychologist attempts to uncover the unconscious and internal impulses that are the cause of the clients difficulties

What techniques are typically used for psychoanalytical therapy?

analyzing dreams and free association (speaking freely)

What is the latent content of dreams?

The unconscious part that motivated the dream to happen

What is transference in therapy?

projecting feelings and emotions toward/onto your therapist

What is object relations therapy?

A type of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on mental representations of themselves and others

What is humanistic psychotherapy?

An approach that emphasizes growth and a road to self-actualization

What does Roger’s client-centred therapy focus on?

Focuses on patients goals and ways of understanding emotions and problem-solving

What are somatic therapies?

mind-body approaches to help influence moods

What is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)?

using stimulations via tracking to process trauma

What is Brainspotting therapy?

client maintains gaze on a fixed position and is a slow process

What is Behavioural Therapy?

behaviours that are learned through conditioning that need to be changed

What is cognitive therapy?

changing maladaptive thoughts

What is Group therapy?

having support and connection from others that share issues or experiences

What is Family Therapy?

for solving family dynamics

What is Gradual Exposure?

A broad approach of exposure to a fear over time

What is Systematic desensitization?

A method of treating phobias that involves relaxation, structure and gradual exposure over time to the feared thing (exposure therapy)

What is a flooding treatment regarding phobias?

An intense exposure to the feared stimulus

What is a modelling treatment regarding phobias?

observing another person engage with their feared stimulus

What is Virtual Reality Therapy?

A treatment that uses VR to show the feared stimulus to the client

What is Aversive Conditioning?

a technique that pairs a behaviour with a negative outcome, which creates an aversion to reduce the behaviour

What is Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and what techniques does it include?

Using exposure, cognitive restructuring, and skill training techniques to replace maladaptive behaviours in order to build better habits over time

What is Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (ICBT)?

Cognitive-behavioural therapy that is given via the internet in things like videos, programs and guided exercises for mental health

What is Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)?

How to regulate overwhelming emotions by reducing harmful behaviours and using skills to help

What are the 4 skills of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy?

Mindfulness, Interpersonal Effectiveness, Distress Tolerance, and Emotional Regulation

What is Dialectical Behaviour Therapy used to help treat?

All kinds of disorders that need help building emotional control and ways of coping

What is the Indigenous perspective on Mental Health?

Holisim → mental health is not just individual thoughts and behaviours, but also about culture, history, etc.

What are the 3 levels of healing in indigenous communities?

Systems Level (cultural), Community Level(belonging), and Individual Level

What is the Systems Approach?

focuses on changing patterns that were influenced by interacting systems, like family relationships