Art History Final

Who developed linear perspective

Brunelleschi while in Rome

Orsanmichele

Sculptures around the outside of the building for everyone to see

Ghiberti, St. John the Baptist

first life-size bronze cast

Donatello, St. Mark

More realistic and expressive

Contrapposto

Realistic stance + weight shift

Donatello, St. George

The warrior who kills the dragon

Each perspective of the face has a different emotion

Rilievo schiacciato

squashed relief

Donatello, David

Earliest freestanding nude

A younger portrayal of him (God killed Goliath, not him)

Feminine features, sexual element + homosexual reference

The helmet has Cupids on it and a wing on the inside of David’s thigh

Plato expressed

Beauty overcomes violence/brutality

Donatello, Feast of Herod

First one-point perspective

Single vanishing point

Brunalleschi

Made the dome of the Florence Cathedral

Referenced Rome’s Pantheon

Smashed egg to win the competition

Didn’t write down any notes of what he did

Wooden trusswork

Put in place while working, then take it down - did not apply for Florence’s Cathedral

Florence Cathedral Dome

Steep pointed ogival profile

Lightweight puts weight on existing, more vertical profiles

Double shell dome (two domes/hollow - gap between them)

Weaved bricks for stability

Brunelleschi, San Lorenzo

Gothic, overwhelming

Focused on the ceiling, Divine is a higher being, aspire to it

Brunelleschi, Santo Spirito

Simpler, open space, divine is on our level

Pietra serena

Grey stone, Tuscan resource, used to repeat modules of space

San Miniato

Open space that pulls ahead

Classical columns

Milan Cathedral

Gothic

Big, very intimidating

Brunelleschi, San Lorenzo, Old Sacristy

Commissioned by the founder of the Medici family

Tomb for him and his wife

Leonardo da Vinci, Vitruvian Man

The human body fits perfectly into a square and a circle

Golden rectangle

Infinite proportion

Turns into a swirl, often found in nature

Phi

When a square section of a golden rectangle is removed, the remainder is another golden rectangle.

Square removal can be repeated infinitely, in which case the corresponding corners of the squares form an infinite sequence of points on the golden spiral, the unique logarithmic spiral with this property

Fibonacci sequence

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

Wrote architecture books

Cosimo de’ Medici

Behind-the-scenes political figure

Hires Marsilio Ficino

Marsilio Ficino

devoted his life to the study of Plato, translating his works into Latin

Neoplatonism

The study of the philosophy of Plato, and an effort to reconcile the ideas of the ancient Greeks with the beliefs of Christianity

Botticelli, Birth of Venus

Based on the Medici Classical statue

Venus is a beauty that pulls you to a higher level

Fra Girolamo Savonarola

Dominican Monk

Prophecied Florence’s fall

Had Piagnoni followers

Went against pope

Burned in Piazza Signoria

San Marco

seat of Dominicans in Florence

The pro-Medicean faction was called

the Palleschi

Lorenzo de’ Medici

died in 1492. And the Medici fortunes sank after that, leading to the Florence crisis

Piero Soderini

elected Gonfaloniere in 1501,

commissioned the David from Michelangelo

Michelangelo, David

symbol of independence and resistance to the tyranny of the Florentine republic

Older portrayal

Different weapon

Changing the narrative

Disporportional

Terribilitá

Powerful expression of rath

Raphael, Madonna of the Goldfinch

Pyramid shape

Madonna is the ideal beauty

Piero della Francesca, Portraits of the Duchess Battista Sforza and Duke Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino

Profiles based on coins

Shows status, jewelry, and land pocession

Botticelli, Portrait of a Young Man

Forward-facing portrait

Style comes from the North

Domenico Ghirlandaio, Giovanna Tornabouni

Women were not portrayed frontally, too intimate, supposed to show they are not accessible, reserved, or married.

Mona Lisa

Upper body is visible, body is turned, holding eye contact, lifely

Verrocchio, Portrait of a Woman with a Posy

Hands and upper body are visible

Inspired by the Mona Lisa

Leonardo, Portrait of Andrea Salai

Leonardos friend

Made a Mona Lisa parody with eyebrows

Eyebrows communicate more emotions and feelings

Pope Julius II

Transformed the city

Rebuilt St. Peter’s

Commissioned Michelangelo to make his tomb

Michelangelo, Dying Captive

Erotic and feminine

Michelangelo, Moses

Only finished tomb statue

Jewish hints

Rays of light = horns

Julius II Tomb, San Pietro in Vincoli

Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Worked on between the tomb

Women and men shown evenly

Phrophets

Old testiment reference

Sibyls

Pagen integrity reference

Ancestor lunettes

Mothers and fathers

Lilith

Female serpent

Made at the same time as Adam

Kicked out for not wanting to follow Adam

Temptation

Michelangelo, Temptation and Expulsion from Eden

Adam is also reaching for the fruit at the same time

Equal to blame

Michelangelo, Creation of Light

Viewed looking up as you see it

God is portrayed with breasts and female features

Roman, Colossal Statue of Apollo with Kithara

Ancient gods were portrayed as androgynous

Jacopo Pontormo, San Michele in Visdomini Altarpiece

With the new rule of Medichi Pope Leo X, a new style was created

Odd faces, expressions, no interactions, odd proportions, dark colors, no center focus

Rosso Fiorentino, Deposition

Wrong proportions

Odd faces

Parmigianino, Madonna of the Long Neck

Long neck, long legs, long bodies

Weid background, little man