8.2.2 EPIGENETICS, ACETYLATION, AND METHYLATION:

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Last updated 1:28 AM on 5/20/26
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10 Terms

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EPIGENETICS:

  • Involves heritable changes in gene function, without changes to the base sequence of DNA.

  • Caused by changes in the environment that inhibit eukaryote gene trnscription.

  • Resulting changes in gene function affect phenotype and can be inherited.

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HISTONES:

CHROMATIN:

  • HISTONES: Protein complexes.

  • CHROMATIN: DNA-histone complex,

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DRAW A DIAGRAM OF A SECTION OF THE EPIGENOME:

  • EPIGENOME: Comprises all of the chemical compounds that have been added to the entirety of the genome as a way to regulate gene expression.

  • Both DNA and histones have chemical tags attached to them.

    • Number and position of chemical tags affects shape of DNA-histone complex.

<ul><li><p>EPIGENOME: Comprises all of the chemical compounds that have been added to the entirety of the genome as a way to regulate gene expression.</p></li><li><p>Both DNA and histones have chemical tags attached to them.</p><ul><li><p>Number and position of chemical tags affects shape of DNA-histone complex. </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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HOW IS DNA MADE TO FIT INTO A SMALLER VOLUME?

  • It is condensed by winding it around histones.

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WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER A GENE IS TRANSCRIBED?

  • Condensation of the chromatin determines whether or not a gene is transcribed.

  • Switched off genes are found in tightly packed arrangements, TF do not have access, mRNA cannot be transcribed.

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WHAT DETERMINES THE EXTENT OF CONDENSATION?

  • Addition/ removal of acetyl/ methyl groups (chemical tags).

  • Environmental factors ca affect number of these groups.

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ACETYLATION:

Acetylation of histones:

  • From acetyl-coA.

  • Histones are negatively charged, allowing them to attract DNA for coiling.

  • Acetyl (negative) can reduce/ remove charge, reducing attraction between histones and DNA, and how tightly packed DNA is around them.

  • Decreased acetylation leads to inhibited transcription.

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METHYLATION:

Methylation of DNA, transfer of methyl group.

  • Added to cytosine.

  • Changes shape of binding site, preventing TF from binding.

  • Inhibiting transcription.

Also:

  • Attract proteins that decrease acetylationn.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALIGNANT AND BENIGN TUMOUR NUCLEI ON A MICROSCOPE:

Nucleus is more stained in malignant tumours because there is more DNA,

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EPIGENETICS AND METHYLATION:

  • Environmental factors can increase the risk of abnormal DNA methylation patterns.

  • If parts of a tumour suppressor gene become heavily methylated, the gene is inactivated.