psych mindtap personality, social psychology, psychological disorders

Idiographic approaches

A qualitative approach to studying personality that emphasizes the uniqueness of each individual.

Nomothetic approaches

A quantitative approach to studying personality that focuses on common traits or dimensions that apply to all people.

Projective measures

having someone tell an ambiguous story about an image or story → e.g. Rorschach inkblot, TAT

- idea is that person is going to PROJECT their own personality, desires, goals onto story/image

Delay of gratification

declining a pleasant activity now in order to get greater pleasure later

- marshmallow test

social psych: Conformity

matching behaviour and appearance to perceived social norms

Door-in-the-face

people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request

- A persuasive technique in which compliance with a target request is preceded by a large, unreasonable request.

Situational attributions

A judgment assigning the cause of a person's behaviour to the environment.

Fundamental attribution error

tendency to attribute behaviour to INTERNAL causes without regard to situational influences

attitude

positive or negative perception of people, objects, or issues

Objective measures

fill out the survey → e.g. self-reports, informant ratings (getting someone who knows you well to fill out the survey about you as well)

- FLAWS: people might lie, be ignorant or have a different idealized version of themselves

- They have systems to try and ensure more accuracy (e.g information ratings)

Psychodynamic theory

A theory put forward by Sigmund Freud in which psychic energy moves among the compartments of the personality: id, ego, and superego.

Ego

The component of Sigmund Freud's personality theory that is the self that others see.

Id

The component of Sigmund Freud's personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth.

Superego

The component of Sigmund Freud's personality theory that internalizes society's rules for right and wrong, or the conscience.

Defence mechanisms

In Sigmund Freud's personality theory, a protective behaviour that reduces anxiety.

Humanistic approaches

PERSONAL EXPERIENCE and belief systems

- ppl seek personal growth to fulfill their potential

- SELF- ACTUALIZATION (Maslow)

- more OPTIMISTIC APPROACH

- when things go right instead of wrong

Self-actualization

A state of having fulfilled your potential.

Person-centered (therapy)

A humanistic therapy approach developed by Carl Rogers to help clients achieve congruence, or an alignment of the real and ideal selves.

Unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Self-concept

People's description of their own characteristics.

Self-esteem

A judgment of the value of the self.

Interdependent self-construal

focuses on your connection with others (less likely to be unique to you)

Independent self-construal

Your uniqueness ← not linked to a particular situation

Reciprocal determinism

A social-cognitive learning theory of personality that features the mutual influence of the person and that of the situation on each other.

Self-efficacy

belief in being able to perform in a particular area

ex. belief someone can do rlly well in a hard math class/low self-efficacy in auditioning for school play

Self-handicapping

the strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves

Self-regulation

the process by which people alter or change their behaviour to attain personal goals

Self-control

a process of self-regulation in contexts involving a clear trade-off between long-term goals and short-term temptations

Locus of control

A cognitive expectancy featured in social-cognitive learning theories of personality about the source of individual outcomes; an external locus of control sees outcomes as resulting from luck or chance, while an internal locus of control sees outcomes as the result of individual effort.

Personality trait

A characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances

Personality type

A classification based on particular configurations of personality traits or other characteristics.

The Big Five

A trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for most individual differences in personality.

openness,

conscientiousness,

extraversion,

agreeableness,

neuroticism

Social norms

rules that define acceptable and expected behaviours for members of a group

Descriptive social norms

What people ACTUALLY think, feel, or do

Prescriptive social norms

What people SHOULD think, feel, or do

Informational influence

A group has informational influence if we adopt the group consensus because it SEEMS CORRECT

- cover your sneeze with ur arm so u dont spread germs

Normative influence

A group has normative influence if we adopt the group consensus to show identification with the group

- dont wanna be excluded from grp, show ur a good member by covering ur sneeze with ur arm

Compliance

Agreement with a request from a person with NO perceived authority.

Foot-in-the-door

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

- A persuasive technique in which compliance with a small request is followed by compliance with a larger request that might otherwise have been rejected.

Low-balling

Making further requests of a person who has already committed to a course of action.

Obedience to authority

compliance with a request from an authority figure

Halo effect

occurs when our positive impressions of people, brands, and products in one area lead us to have positive feelings in another area.

Thin slices of behaviour

brief, 1-5 minute samples of audio or video used in psychology to make quick, often accurate judgments about a person's traits, states, or social interactions.

Attributions

act of assigning cause to behaviour issues

Dispositional attributions

A judgment assigning the cause of a person's behaviour to personal qualities or characteristics.

Correspondence bias

The tendency to view behaviour as the result of disposition, even when the behaviour can be explained by the situation in which it occurs.

Actor-observer bias

Emphasizing dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of others while emphasizing situational attributions to explain our own behaviour.

Self-serving bias

Attributing success to dispositional factors while attributing failure to situational factors.

Stereotypes

false assumption about what characteristics all members of some group share

Prejudice

positive or negative attitude toward an entire group of people

Discrimination

unfair actions based on stereotyping and prejudice

Bystander effect

The study of situational variables related to helping a stranger, most notably the decreased likelihood of helping as the number of bystanders increases.

- more bystanders less likely to help

Diffusion of responsibility

reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect

- feel less responsible for smth bc there are others to help them

Audience inhibition/evaluation apprehension

ppl are going to judge me for helping

they will think im overreacting

Groupthink

flawed decision-making in which a collection of individuals favours conformity over critical analysis

Social facilitation

tendency to perform better in the presence of others

social loafing

exerting less effort when performing a specific task with a group than when alone

Deindividuation

Immersion of an individual within a group, leading to anonymity.

aggression

physical or verbal behaviour intended to hurt someone

cognitive dissonance

psychological state of having related ideas or perceptions that are inconsistent

social psychology

study of how individuals think and behave in social situations

Psychological disorders

clinically significant disorder in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning

- was known as ABNORMAL PSYCH

Biopsychosocial model

A model that sees health as the result of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Evidence-based practice

combines the personal experience of the clinician, the best scientific evidence, and a consideration of patient values and expectations to tailor scientifically valid treatments of the individual

Comorbidity

Two or more disorders in the same individual.

Abnormal behaviour

actions, thoughts, or emotions that are atypical, maladaptive, distressing, or socially unacceptable, often indicating a potential mental health condition

Diathesis-stress model

A model that suggests that the experience of stress interacts with an individual's pre-existing vulnerability to produce a psychological disorder.

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy

Sigmund Freud's treatment approach based on his psychodynamic theory.

Focus on bringing unconscious struggles into consciousness (free association, dream analysis)

Insight: Increase patient's understanding of their own psychological processes

Person/Client-centered therapy

A humanistic therapy approach developed by Carl Rogers to help clients achieve congruence, or an alignment of the real and ideal selves.

Cognitive behavioural therapy

A combination of cognitive restructuring with behavioural treatments that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of many psychological disorders.

Psychotropic medication/pharmacotherapy

Psychotropic medication: Drugs that affect mental processes

Any drug with the capability of altering a person's state of consciousness.

Neurodevelopmental disorders

conditions arising from impaired central nervous system development, impacting brain function, learning, behavior, and emotion

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behaviour.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A disorder characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both.

Schizophrenia (spectrum and other psychotic disorders)

severe disorder characterized by disturbance in thought, perceptions, emotions and behaviour

Positive symptoms

EXCESSES IN BEHAVIOUR

- delusions

- hallucinations

- disorganized speech

- disorganized behaviour

Negative symptoms

Deficits in functioning including:

Isolation, withdrawal

Apathy

Blunted emotion

Slowed, monotonous speech

- Generally more difficult to treat than positive symptoms; different underlying causes

- must have at least ONE POSITIVE SYMPTOM

Mood disorders

a PROLONGED, pervasive emotional disturbance

depressive disorders

emotional disorders primarily involving sadness, despondency, and depression

Major depressive disorder

affective disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months

Depressive attributional style

attribute failures to internal, global, stable causes

learned helplessness

the belief that one cannot control the outcome of events

Cognitive triad

The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.

Bipolar disorder

A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.

Mania/manic episode

period of abnormally excessive energy and elation

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A biological treatment in which seizures are induced in an anaesthetized patient; it is used primarily in the treatment of mood disorders that have not responded to medication or other treatments.

Deep brain stimulation

Electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes that is used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders.

Anxiety disorders

A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and worry.

Generalized anxiety disorder

psychological disorder characterized by nearly constant, exaggerated worries

Specific phobias

persistent fear of a specific object or situation

Panic disorder

recurrent unexpected panic attacks

Agoraphobia

excessive, irrational fear of being in public places

Social anxiety disorder

an intense, persistent fear of being watched, judged, or embarrassed by others in social situations

Obsessive compulsive disorder

An anxiety disorder involving repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain rituals.

Obsessions

recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts or ideas or mental images; often include fear of contamination, of accidents, or of one's own aggression

THOUGHTS

Compulsions

particular acts that one feels driven to perform over and over again; often include cleaning, checking, and counting

ACTIONS

antisocial personality disorder

unusual remorselessness, lack of empathy, or disregard for social conventions

delusion

strongly held thought or belief that is at odds with reality

dissociative disorders

a class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness, memory, or self-identity

dissociative identity disorder

Presence of two or more distinct identities (multiple personality)