Antipsychotic and Antidepressants

typical drugs

first generation antipsychotics. They are good to treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Atypical drugs

second generation antipsychotics. They are good for treating both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

neuroleptics

another name for antipsychotics

D2 receptors in the brain

what receptors do typical drugs have affinity to?

D2 receptors, serotonin receptors

Atypical drugs are antagonists with a low affinity to _________ and a high affinity to _________

Parkinson's symptoms

Typical drugs have side effects similiar to _______

Phenothiazines, Thioxanthenes, Buyrophenones

groups of Typical drugs

to block dopamine secretion

what is the one of the roles of serotonin in a regular situation

they decrease the side effects of low dopamine because they increase the amount of dopamine that stays in the synapse by blocking serotonin receptors

why can atypical drugs treat boh the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

side effects of atypical drugs

weight gain, diabetes, increase of fats in the blood, increase in prolactin production

Major/unipolar depression

feelings and symptoms of severe depression without any presentation of mania

mania

presents with symptoms of extreme elation, talkative, excessive self esteem, lots of ideas

bipolar/manic depression

a person with this disease will go between periods of mania and depression

monoamine neurotransmitters

depression is caused by a deficiency of _____________

NA, dopamine, or serotonin

all antidepressants directly or indirectly increase the levels of___________

a surplus of monoamine neurotransmitters

what is mania caused by

lithium carbonate

a salt used to treat 70% of bipolar cases. It helps both the manic and depressive stages. It has a very narrow therapeutic range

lithium, antiepileptic drugs, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines

drugs used to treat bipolar disorder

because they activate GABA which will decrease brain activity

why can benzodiazepines be used as a treatment for bipolar disorder

symptoms of depression

anxiety, sadness, persistent bad mood, pessimism
• anhedonia- inability to feel pleasure
• feelings of helplessness, worthlessness, guilt, no hope
• crying
• fatigue, low energy, problems sleeping
• not concentrated, memory loss
• difficulty making decisions
• poor self image
אי שקט, עצבנות - restlessness and irritability•
• weight change, change in appetite
• physical symptoms, like pain or GI issues
• thought of death, suicide attempts

antidepressants

group of drugs that are used to treat depression, panic attacks, addictions, OCD, eating disorders, and other psychological disorders

increase serotonin, dopamine, and/or NA levels in the synaptic space

how do antidepressants work?

noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine

aminergic neurotransmitters. They have effects on a person's mood

types of antidepressants

MAOI, TCA, SSRI, SNRI, NDRI

2-3 weeks, right away

antidepressants take about ________ before there is an effect, but their side effects will start __________

MAOIs

group of antidepressants that inhibit the metabolism of catecholamines and serotonin.

Parkinson's

MAO B inhibitors are mainly used to treat _____________

side effects of MAOIs

Fogginess and fatigue
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Sexual dysfunction
• Weight gain

tricyclic antidepressants

they block the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline on the presynaptic side causing an increased length of activity in the synaptic space. They can cross the BBB and don't have a set first pass effect

uses of TCAs

Used to treat
• Depression
• Obsessiveness
• Panic and phobias
• Chronic pain
• Urinary incontinence at night
Because of its antimuscarinic effect
אולקוס -Ulcers•
Because its antimuscarinic and blocks H2 histamine receptors
• Difficulty concentrating and listening (kids

side effects of TCAs

Dry mouth
• Blurry vision
• Constipation and urinary retention
• Drowsiness and weight gain
Because of H1 receptors being blocked
Weight gain is also result of 5 HT2 being blocked
• Postural hypotension
Because alpha receptors are blocked
• Arrythmia

SSRIs

antidepressants that block the reuptake of serotonin. Has fewer side effects that TCAs or MAOIs

uses of SSRIs

used to treat major depressive disorder, OCD, bulimia

side effects of SSRIs

Fogginess
• Nausea and vomiting
• Head ache
שחיקת שיניים -Bruxism•
• Irritability
• Anorexia
• Sexual dysfunction
• Suicidal thoughts
• Serotonin syndrome

serotonin syndrome

a result of too much serotonin in the brain. Usually as a result of a build up different medication effects because no break was given in between medications

symptoms of serotonin syndrome

Cognitive effects
Confusion, hypomania, mood swings, head ache to coma
• Autonomic effects
Shaking, sweating, fever, hypertension, heart palpitations, nausea and diarrhea
• Somatic effects
Unintended muscle contractions and shaking

Trazadone

a drug similiar to SSRIs that inhibits reuptake of serotonin and increases NA levels.

SNRIs

antidepressants that block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

side effects of SNRIs

Dry mouth
• Constipation
• Decrease in appetite
• Fatigue
ישנוניות -Drowsiness•
• Increased sweating

NDRIs

antidepressants that only inhibit the reuptake of noradrenaline and dopamine

side effects of NDRIs

Head ache
• Dry mouth
• Constipation
• Increased risk for epileptic attack (especially in high concentration)
• Suicidal thoughts