Posc200 Test 2 JMU

Heneri Dunant

-1850s

-Banker

-Co-founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross

-League of Alms

-YMCA

Clara Barton “The Caregiver”

-Massachusetts

-At 11, she cared for her brother

-Civil War volunteer around the U.S. capital

-Angel of the Battlefield

-Public speaker

-Founder of the American Red Cross

Geneva Convention I

The Amelioration of the wounded soldiers on land (August 12, 1949)

Geneva Convention II

The Amelioration of the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked members of the Armed Forces at Sea.

Geneva Convention III

Treatment of Prisoners of War

Geneva Convention IV

The protection of civilian persons in time of war.

Unlawful Attack Method

1. An order that “no quarter” will be given to an enemy population. (everyone dies)

The 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons Protocol I

Prohibits the use of any weapons of which the primary effect is to injure with fragments not detectable in the human body by X-rays.

The 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons Protocol II

Prohibits the use of landmines and booby traps.

The 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons Protocol III

Prohibits the use of incendiary weapons (sets fire or cause burns)

International Campaign to Ban Landmines

Oct 1992

Mix of

-Handicap International

-Human Rights Watch

-Mines Advisory Group

-Physicians for Human Rights

within 4 years, won the Nobel Peace Prize and got many countries to agree to ban them

Legal Definition of a Landmine

Concealed explosive devices, often left behind by irregular armies, that kill or maim civilians after the war ends.

3 unlawful weapons and means of attack legal rules

-Unnecessary suffering

-Disproportionate

-Indiscriminate

Ban landmine campaign goal

Do not include the support for victims

Landmine Survivor Network (LSN)

-Switzerland landmine survivor created this new international org

-To include the core and rehabilitation provided for the immediate and long-term needs of mine victims, family members, dependents, and affected communities.

Functionalist Theory

The growth of specialized technical orgs across national borders best explains European integration.

Neo-Functionalism

-Political cooperation/govt

-Economic integration generates political integration “spillover” effect

Supranational

Large orgs that subsume a number of states and functions within a large whole.

John Glenn

-First person to circumvent the world

-He had learned “I’m not your enemy, I’m your friend” in 17 language

The Treaty of Rome (1957)

-Six member states created

-ECC, later named EC, which created/adopted

Aim to

-Free trade area

-Customs union

-Common agricultural policy

The Maastricht Treaty (1992)

Committed to further integration in 3 areas

-Monetary Union

-Justice and home affairs

-Political and military integration

EU (1950)

Started as the French and German steel and coal industries, but eventually became a steel and coal European Community.

Monetary Union

-Euro

-Has replaced national currencies in 19 EU member states

-Come into full circulation in 2002

-European Central Bank took over the functions of states banks

EU Today

-27 Countries

-Biggest supranational org

-1634 square miles

-Population: 447 million

-Single currency- Eurozone- est in 1999

-Standardized system of laws

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

End of WWI

Digital Divide

Gap in access to info tech in countries

Power of Info

Global telecommunications are profoundly changing how info and culture function in international relations.

Marten’s Clause

Protects the creation and use of drones, AI, robots, etc.

Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems or Killer Robots

Development of weapons that are capable of independently selecting and attacking target without human intervention.

Fyodor Martens

The laws of humanity and the dictates of public conscience.

What vegetable does cluster munitions resemble?

Green Peas

What is the main humanitarian problem with the use of cluster munitions?

It’s very complicated and has a high rate of not detonating (malfunction rate over 20%)

-1 munition has many sub munitions loaded with explosives

Boomerang Effects

Enemies can repurpose it to use it against us

How does munition hurt the poor?

Are most exposed, have fewer alternatives, and take their chances.

Fatal Footprint

-Infrastructure

-Livelihood

-Income generation (project, fields)

CNN Effect

They cover the problem and determine the actions policymakers take and the outcomes of events.

Mission Creep

Brief history of Somalia. Expansion from food relief to Democratic Institution building.

Operation Restore Hope

December, 1992

-The U.S. sent 30,000 soldiers to Somalia

-Order: “Get food through.” sent marines

-By March, it was affected

-Successful

Operation Gothic Serpent

-Take the warlord Aidid

-Strangle and grab the whole operation

-August 1993

-Basically Black Hawk Down

Complex Emergency

Multiple emergencies in one emergency

Somalia Syndrome

The U.S. foreign policy hesitancy to engage in humanitarian military interventions following the occurrence that happened the 1993 battle in Mogadishu, Somalia, where 18 American soldiers died.

Operation Uphold Democracy

Multinational military intervention in Haiti was designed to remove the military regime. (1994)

The Human Development Index

A summary measure used by the UN to rank countries based on overall progress, going beyond just economic growth.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

UN goals set targets for 17 basic needs by 2030. Well-being of people and the planet.

Ex. Healthcare, water, sanitation, and shelter

Basic Human Needs

To put economic growth on a firm foundation, societies must meet the basic human needs of most of the population.

What is the antidote of basic human needs?

Education allows a new gen to meet over basic needs

The most important factors keeping these people in extreme proverty

-civil war

-corruption

-the “resource curse” - one country is dominated by one resource product

-landlocked locations without ready access to trade

Remittances

Money sent home to relatives in the country of migrant origin

-between families usually

Positives of Remittances

Helps families

Negatives Remittances

Continue dependency and decreases labor

Cause of Migration Push Factors

1# Bad governance

2# Forced resettlement programs

3# High levels of violence

4#

5# Rapid population growth

6# High rates of employment

7# Poverty

8# Natural and environmental factors

9# Lack of educational and cultural opportunities

Cause of Migration Pull Factors

-Economic opportunities

-Higher wages

-Political, cultural freedom and stability

-Educational and cultural opportunities

-Family reunification

Population Movement Categories

-Migrant

-Refugee

-Asylum

-Displace Person

-Immigrant

Refugee

Forced to flee because of persecution, war, or violence

Asylum

Seeking a request for a sanctuary

Displace Person

Remains within their own country’s borders

Migrant

Moving voluntarily

Immigrant

arrived in a new country with the intention of settling there permanently

Pro-Globalization

Openness to

-Foreign trade

-Investment

-Technology

Facilitates migration, establishes small businesses, increased access to jobs.

Contributes to decline in inequality

Motivated workforce

Anti-Globalization

Widening the gap between the haves and the have-nots

Zero-sum game (one in which no wealth is created or destroyed)

“economic temptress”

Opium Trade

-From Golden Triangle

-Kept the Taliban going