Alterations in Glucose Metabolism & Metabolic Syndrome

This set of flashcards includes key terms and definitions related to the regulation of glucose metabolism and metabolic syndrome, relevant for NSG 3280 Pathophysiology I.

Glycogenolysis

The process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose to maintain blood glucose levels.

GLUT Transporters

Proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose into cells; examples include GLUT 1, 2, 3 (insulin-independent) and GLUT 4 (insulin-dependent).

Insulin

A hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that facilitates the entry of glucose into cells, enhances protein synthesis, and inhibits gluconeogenesis.

Insulin resistance

A condition where cells fail to respond effectively to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.

Pre-diabetes

A state of impaired glucose tolerance characterized by fasting plasma glucose levels of 100-125 mg/dL.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

An autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute insulin deficiency.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often associated with obesity.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Glucose intolerance that is first recognized during pregnancy, resembling type 2 diabetes.

Metabolic Syndrome

A cluster of metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, that increase risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Hormonal Regulation

The system of hormones that manage glucose metabolism, including the roles of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.