SI- 4 Milgram (1963)

What was Milgram (1963) aim?

Milgram (1963 Aim was to investigate what level of obedience would be shown when participants were told by a figure of authority to administer a electro shock to another person

What was Milgram (1963 hypothesis?

Milgram (1963 Hypothesis was that Americans would not show high levels of obedience

What type of sampling technique was used in Milgram (1963 experiment?

A volunteer sample, that answered a newspaper advertisement

How many participants was used in Milgram (1963 experiment?

40 male participants

What was the age range of the sample in Milgram (1963 experiment?

20-50

Where was Milgram (1963 experiment conducted?

At Yale

How much where Milgram (1963) participants paid?

$4.50 just for turning up

What were participants told in Milgram (1963) experiment?

Participants were told they would be participating in a study of learning and memory, effect of punishment on learning.

In Milgram (1963) experiment, what did Milgram always ensure in term of learner and teacher

The teacher would always be the genuine participants and the learner would always be a confederate

What did the experimenter tell the participants during Milgram (1963) experiment?

The experimenter told the participants that their job was to teach the learner a list and if the learner repeated one of the list items incorrectly, the teacher had to give them a shock starting from 15v

How high did the voltage go in Milgram (1963) experimenter?

450volts

What warnings were placed on the shock generator on Milgram (1963) experiment?

From ‘moderate shock’ to ‘danger, severe shock’ to ‘XXX’

What happened in Milgram (1963) experiment as the shock increased?

As the shock increased, recordings of the learner complaining were played

What happened at 300volts in Milgram (1963) experiment?

At 300v the learner pounded on the wall and screamed in agony

What happened to the learner in Milgram (1963) as the volts were increased higher than 300?

After 300volts, the learner refused to continue and repeated the list anymore.

What did the experimenter tell the participants in Milgram (1963) when the learner stopped giving a reply?

The experimenter told them to continue giving shocks

What happened in Milgram (1963) experiment when the participant complained or refused to continue giving shocks?

If the participant refused to give shocks, the experimenter used one of the four ‘prods’

When did the Milgram (1963) experiment end?

The experiment ended if the participants refused to continue the experiment when the experimenter had used al odour prods, or if they had given 450 shock three times

What happened in Milgram (1963) during the debrief?

During the debrief, participants were told the true nature of the experiment and were introduced to the learner so they could see that he was not hurt, and were assured that their performance was normal

How many participants in Milgram (1963) experiment gave a shock up to level 300 volts?

All 40 participants

What percentage of participants continued to the maximum level of 450volts in Milgram (1963) experiment even though they knew it was fatal?

65% of participants

What emotions/behaviour did participants show in Milgram (1963) experiment?

• sweating

• Stuttering

• Nervous laughter

• 1 full seizure

what situational factor did Milgram (1963) believe to be in his experiment?

• prestigious location

• Worthy purpose

• Volunteer sample

• Payment

• Buffer between teacher and learner

What was Milgram(1963) defence to Orne and Holland’s claim that ‘participants realised it was a sham’

Milgram responded that 70% of participants in later studies report afterward that they thought it was genuine

Why does Milgram (1963) study have low ecological validity?

Milgram study has low ecological validity because the situation is unlikely to occur in everyday life and therefore cannot be generalised to the real world.

Why does Milgram (1963) claim his study has mundane realism?

Milgram claims his study has mundane realism because participants clearly believed the situation was real due to distress experienced by participants

Why does Milgram (1963) study lack generalisability?

His study lacks generalisability because the sample was unrepresentative: only men and people from town. Age restriction and people who were self-selected

What happened to the percentage of participants who went to 450volts in Milgram’s proximity variation when teacher and learner were seated in the same room?

The percentage of participants who went up to 450volts dropped to 40%

What happened to the percentage of people who went to 450 volts in Milgram’s proximity variation when the teacher had to physically force the learner’s hand directly on the shock plate?

Percentage dropped to 30%

What happened in Milgram experiment proximity variation when the proximity between the learner and teacher was reduced?

The closer the proximity of the teacher and learner, the lower the level of obedience

What happened in Milgram’s proximity variation when all instructions were provided on the phone by the experimenter?

Participants were more Likely to defy the experimenter and only 21% administered the full 450 volts

Where did Milgram’s conduct his experiment when he was trying to change the location?

Milgram conducted his variation in a run down building in Bridgeport, Connecticut

What happened to the percentage of participants who went up to 450volts when Milgram changed the location from Yale, to a rundown building?

The percentage dropped from 65% to 47.4%

what does Milgram location variation show about the importance of location?

It highlights the impact of location on obedience, with less credible locations resulting in a reduction in the level of obedience

What happened to the percentage of participants who went to full 450 volts when the experimenter was called away and replaced by a confederate in ordinary clothes?

the percentage of participants who administered the 450 volts dropped to 20%

What happened to the percentage in Migram’s variation when confederate administered the shock in behalf of the participants?

92.5% went to 450 volts

What did Bickman (1974) investigate?

Bickman investigated the power of uniform in a field experiment in New York.

What was the procedure of Bickman (1974) experiment?

Bickman advised three male actors dressed as either a milkman, security guard or ordinary clothes. The actors asked members of the public to follow one of three instructions: pick up a bag, give someone money for a parking meter, stand on the other side of a bus stop which said ‘no standing’

How many people obeyed the security guard in Bickman (1974) experiment?

89%

How many people obeyed the milkman in Bickman (1974) experiment?

57%

How many people obeyed the pedestrian in Bickman (1974) experiment?

33%

What do the results of Bickman (1974) experiment suggest?

Bickman suggested that people are more likely to obey when instructed by someone wearing a uniform

Why did people obey the security guard and milkman more in Bickman (1974) experiment?

The security guard and milkman where obeyed more because a uniform infers a sense of legitimate authority and power

What was Hofling (1966) procedure?

In Hofling experiment, nurses in a hospital were given orders from an unknown doctor over the telephone to administer a dose of an unknown medication above the maximum allowance. If the nurses did administer the drug, they would be breaking hospital rules.

What was the result of Hofling (1966) experiment?

21 out of 22 nurses obeyed without hesitation even though they weren’t suppose to take instructions by phone, or exceed the allowed dose.

What did Hofling (1966) experiment demonstrate?

Hofling experiment demonstrated that hierarchies are able to pressure people into obedience without question.

What study supports Milgram’s variation for the power of uniform?

Bickman (1974)

What study supports Milgram research for legitimacy of authority?

Hofling (1966)