Chinese Migration Part 2
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43 Terms
Who were Chinese migrants?
Young men from Guangdong Province in China who came to New Zealand for gold and work
When did the Chinese arrive in NZ?
Mainly in the 1860s during the gold rush
Where did they go?
Goldfields in Otago
Why did they leave China?
Poverty famine war overpopulation and political unrest
Why did they come to NZ?
Gold job opportunities and a better life
What was the journey like?
Long voyage up to 6 weeks crowded ships poor food harsh conditions
What jobs did they do?
Gold mining market gardening laundry work small businesses
What challenges did they face?
Racism discrimination isolation and hard working conditions
Who was Gabriel Read?
A gold miner who discovered gold in Lawrence Otago in 1861
Where had Gabriel Read mined before?
California and Victoria Australia
What did Gabriel Read do after finding gold?
Wrote to newspapers which started the gold rush
What happened after the gold discovery?
People rushed to Otago to find gold and make money
What happened to easy gold by mid 1860s?
It had mostly been collected by individual miners
Why did Pākehā miners leave Otago?
They moved to the West Coast for new gold rushes
Why were Chinese miners invited?
There was a labour shortage and land needed reworking
Who invited Chinese miners?
Dunedin Chamber of Commerce
How were Chinese miners recruited?
Through the Melbourne Chinese community
How many Chinese miners arrived?
Around 2000 miners
What is the Ng King Market Garden?
A historic Chinese garden site showing migrant life and work
Who was Ng King?
A Chinese migrant who became a successful market gardener
What did market gardeners do?
They grew and sold vegetables
Why is the Ng King site important?
It shows Chinese contribution to New Zealand history
What are push factors?
Reasons forcing people to leave a place
What are pull factors?
Reasons attracting people to a new place
What is a migrant?
A person who chooses to move to another country
Otago goldfields conditions
Rapid arrival of miners caused chaos and no formal policing existed
Digger law
Rules created by miners themselves in absence of official government control
Chinese miners prejudice
Despite arriving when labour was needed
Treatment in towns
Chinese miners were assaulted
Chinese migration increase
More Chinese miners kept arriving in Otago and West Coast despite discrimination
Gold trade expansion
By 1865 the West Coast goldfields had a thriving gold industry
Anti-Chinese laws
Government introduced laws to restrict Chinese immigration due to prejudice
Poll tax
Chinese immigrants were charged a £10 poll tax (about $2000 NZD today)
Shipping restrictions
Ships bringing Chinese migrants were limited to one person per 10 tonnes of cargo (later 200 tonnes rule introduced)
Family separation
Because of the high cost of the poll tax
Post-gold rush settlement
Many Chinese miners stayed in NZ and tried to make it their permanent home
Chinese occupations
Many worked in laundries
Hard conditions
Chinese miners lived in harsh
Isolation
Many Chinese miners experienced loneliness and separation from family and wider society
Prejudice and profiling
Chinese miners were seen as “others” and treated as threats by European miners
Need for Chinese labour
Chinese miners were recruited because they had experience in goldfields in California and Australia
Recruitment reputation
Dunedin Chamber of Commerce knew Chinese miners were experienced and skilled workers