Ch 4 PHYL 141 Exam

adipocytes

lipid storage cells

adipose tissue

specialized areolar tissue dominated by adipocytes

apical

that part of a cell or tissue which in general faces an open space

apocrine secretion

release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell

apoptosis

programmed cell death

areolar tissue

type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

atrophy

loss of mass and function

basal lamina

thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues

basement membrane

thin layer that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue; made of the basal lamina and reticular lamina

cardiac muscle

heart muscle under involuntary control composed of striated cells with a single nucleus that contracts autonomously

cell junction

point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue

chondrocytes

cells of cartilage

clotting

coagulation process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding

collagen fiber

flexible fibrous protein that gives connective tissue tensile strength

connective tissue

tissue that holds in place

connective tissue membrane

connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints

connective tissue proper

connective tissue containing a viscous matrix

cutaneous membrane

skin; stratified squamous epithelial tissue covering the outside of the body

dense connective tissue

connective tissue proper containing many fibers that provide elasticity and protection

ectoderm

outermost embryonic germ layer that forms the epidermis and nervous tissue

elastic cartilage

cartilage containing elastin that provides support and elasticity

elastic fiber

connective tissue fiber containing elastin that allows stretching and recoil

endocrine gland

group of cells that release chemical signals into the blood for distant target organs

endoderm

innermost embryonic germ layer that forms most of the digestive and lower respiratory systems

endothelium

simple squamous epithelium lining cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels

epithelial membrane

epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue

epithelial tissue

tissue that covers and lines body parts and functions in protection

exocrine gland

epithelial gland that secretes substances through ducts to body surfaces or cavities

fibroblast

most abundant connective tissue cell that secretes protein fibers and matrix

fibrocartilage

tough cartilage composed of thick bundles of collagen fibers in chondroitin sulfate ground substance

fibrocyte

less active form of a fibroblast

fluid connective tissue

specialized cells circulating in a watery fluid containing salts

gap junction

junction that allows cytoplasmic communication between cells

goblet cell

unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucus

ground substance

fluid or semifluid portion of the matrix

histamine

chemical released by mast cells that causes vasodilation and increased permeability

histology

microscopic study of tissue architecture

hyaline cartilage

most common cartilage type composed of short collagen fibers in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance

inflammation

tissue response to injury

lacunae

small spaces in bone or cartilage occupied by cells

lamina propria

areolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane

loose connective tissue

connective tissue proper with little specialization and dispersed cells in the matrix

matrix

extracellular material consisting of fibers and ground substance produced by embedded cells

mesenchymal cell

adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived

mesoderm

embryonic germ layer that forms connective tissue

mesothelium

simple squamous epithelium covering major body cavities and forming the epithelial portion of serous membranes

mucous membrane

membrane covered by mucus and lining surfaces exposed to the outside environment

muscle tissue

tissue capable of contracting and generating tension to produce movement

necrosis

accidental death of cells and tissues

nervous tissue

tissue capable of sending and receiving electrochemical signals

neuroglia

supportive neural cells

neuron

excitable neural cell that transfers nerve impulses

parenchyma

functional cells of an organ or gland as opposed to supporting tissue

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

single layer of irregularly shaped cells that appears multilayered; found in respiratory tract and certain ducts

reticular fiber

fine collagen fiber that forms supportive nets within connective tissue

reticular tissue

loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework for soft organs such as the liver

serous membrane

membrane that lines body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of column-shaped cells specialized for secretion and absorption

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube-shaped cells specialized for secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flat cells specialized for diffusion and filtration

skeletal muscle

voluntary striated muscle attached to bones; fibers are multinucleated

smooth muscle

involuntary nonstriated muscle that moves internal organs; cells are spindle-shaped and uninucleate

stratified columnar epithelium

two or more layers of column-shaped cells found in some ducts and glands

stratified cuboidal epithelium

two or more layers of cube-shaped cells found in some ducts

stratified squamous epithelium

multiple layers of cells with flattened apical cells that protect against abrasion

striation

banded pattern formed by parallel actin and myosin filaments

synovial membrane

connective tissue membrane lining freely movable joints and producing synovial fluid

tight junction

junction that forms an impermeable barrier between cells

tissue

group of similar cells that perform related functions

tissue membrane

thin sheet of tissue that covers surfaces

avascular

lacking a blood supply

innervated

supplied by nerves

lumen

open internal space within a hollow organ or tube

microvilli

fingerlike projections that increase surface area for absorption and secretion

cilia

motile hairlike projections that move substances across epithelial surfaces

mucociliary escalator

mechanism in which mucus and cilia move trapped particles out of the respiratory tract

simple epithelium

epithelium composed of a single cell layer

stratified epithelium

epithelium composed of multiple cell layers

transitional epithelium

stretchable epithelium found in the urinary bladder and ureters

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

protective water-resistant epithelium found in the skin

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

moist protective epithelium found in the esophagus

desmosome

anchoring junction connecting epithelial cells to surrounding structures

spot desmosome

desmosome that anchors epithelial cells to each other

hemidesmosome

junction anchoring epithelial tissue to the basement membrane

occluding junction

cell junction located near the apical surface that limits passage between cells

adherens junction

cell junction located below occluding junctions that helps anchor cells together

merocrine gland

gland that secretes by exocytosis with no cell damage

holocrine gland

gland that secretes by cell disintegration

stroma

connective tissue framework supporting functional cells of an organ

macrophage

phagocytic connective tissue cell that removes debris and pathogens

lymphocyte

immune cell involved in defense and immunity

mast cell

connective tissue cell that releases histamine and heparin during inflammation

tensile strength

resistance to pulling forces

dense regular connective tissue

parallel collagen fibers providing strength in one direction; found in tendons and ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue

irregular collagen arrangement providing strength in multiple directions

elastic connective tissue

connective tissue rich in elastic fibers allowing stretch and recoil

blood plasma

fluid portion of blood containing dissolved proteins

formed elements

erythrocytes

erythrocyte

red blood cell

leukocyte

white blood cell