cloning final

how are traits inherited when there are 2 parents?

combination of 23 chromosomes from each parent (46 total), children receive 50% of their DNA from each parent, inheriting traits through dominant/recessive genes. 1st gen of offspring will appear all like ONE of the parents

important terminology

gene: composed of DNA sequences that act as an instruction manual for making proteins/differentiating

allele: different versions of a specific gene, located at specific locations on a DNA strand, foundation for genetic variation/physical traits. Humans inherit 2 alleles for each gene, one from each parent

functionality of parts of a cell

DNA: replication, carries genetic material, chromosomes, double helix shape

RNA: transcription, synthesizes proteins

Proteins: determines phenotypes (observable characteristics of an organism)

components found in all cells

DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm

before a cell undergoes division?

the cell must replicate its chromosomes

adult cells at this stage of the cell cycle clone the best

G1

cell division

mitosis for repair, meiosis for reproduction

monohybrid law of segregation

for any trait, an individual possesses two alleles that separate during meiosis

the first animal to have success in embryonic cloning

frogs (larger eggs, easier to collect genetic material)

Karl Illmensee

no one was able to recreate his results, was deemed a fraud, was attempting to clone mice

scientist that clones the first frogs

Gurdon

embryonic stem cells

are totipotent (can differentiate into an entire, functional organism), differentiate into all kinds of cells, give rise to a new individual, isolation of them involves destruction of a human embryo

adult stem cells

are pluripotent (can only differentiate into some cells), derived from bone marrow, can be used to treat blood cancers

difference between cloning and therapeutic cloning

embryos are not necessary in therapeutic cloning as stem cells from the person are harvested

cells that have differentiated?

block access to DNA that contains information they don’t use

induced pluripotent stem cells

adult stem cells that are genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic state, allowing them to differentiate into any cell type, typically using blood or skin cells

when does the role of a cell become determined?

during embryonic development, first becoming ‘specified’ then ‘determined’

is information lost during cell division?

yes it can be, though the process is pretty accurate. as cells age they lose epigenetic memory, which tells them what type of cell they are

differences between cloning with embryonic cells vs differentiated cells

cloning with embryonic cells is more efficient than differentiated cells as the genetic material is open to differentiation. differentiated cells require extensive reprogramming to reset the nucleus reducing success

cloning of megan and morag

first mammals successfully cloned from differentiated cells, in comparison to dolly who was cloned via cells from mammary gland

characteristics of eukaryotic cells

defined, membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum

humans, plants and fungi

prokaryotic cells

small simple cells lacking a nucleus and organelles (bacteria)

endosymbiotic theory

some organelles originated from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by the early eukaryotic cells

cloning success/process of different animals

• frogs, maybe

• mice, maybe

• sheep

• cows, pigs, goats (cloning livestock)

• mice again, rats

• cats, later dogs (cloning pets, success in south korea)

• chance the bull

therapeutic cloning of stem cells create tissues, not individuals

for regenerative medicine