nutrition 10 & 12

Discuss issues related to breastmilk quality and quantity

If a mom were to consume a nutritionally inadequate diet, she would produce less milk, but the overall quality would not be effected. if this continues long term, however, the milk could become deficient in certain vitamins. breastmilk is naturally low in vitamin a, so make sure to take supplements to combat this

recommendations for weight gain based on pre-pregnancy BMI of 18.2> (underweight)

single: 28-40 lbs

twin: no data

recommendations for weight gain based on pre-pregnancy BMI of 18.5-24.9 (healthy)

single: 25-35 lbs

twin: 37-54 lbs

recommendations for weight gain based on pre-pregnancy BMI of 25-29.9 (overweight)

single: 15-25 lbs

twin: 31-50 lbs

recommendations for weight gain based on pre-pregnancy BMI of >30 (obese)

single: 11-20 lbs

twin: 25-42 lbs

pregnancy-related risks associated with being underweight

more likely to have LBW,

pregnancy-related risks associated with being overweight

higher risk of abnormalities or miscarriage, babies are LGW which can cause birth trauma, and higher risk of asthma, CVD and T2 diabetes

what are some complications associated with low birth weight (LBW) 

more likely to die in the first month, and causes chronic issues later in life

What happens if your gain more weight in pregnancy than recommended?

you are less likely to lose it, which can cause T2 diabetes, hypertension and certain cancers

what is the RDA for protein in pregnacy?

25 grams per day

how many calories should a mother in her second trimester consume?

an extra 340 cals a day

how may cals should a mother in her third trimester consume?

extra 450 cals a day

how many extra calories should a mother consume in the first 6 months of breastfeeding

extra 500 cals a day

how many extra calories should a breastfeeding mother consume in the second 6 months?

extra 400 cals per day

what are some benefits associated with exercise during pregnancy

facilitate labor, lower risk of gestational diabetes/hypertension and reduce psychological stress

what are some risks associated with iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy

how to reduce risks of neural tube defects

increase folic acid intake prior to pregnancy

what are some recommendations for reducing the risk of listeriosis 

cook deli meats/hot dogs until steaming (165 degrees), eat all meat well done, clean fruits/veggies, drink pasteurized milk and aviod smoked seafood

what are the benefits of breastfeeding in infants

provides antibodies, prevents food allergies, supports better cogitative development, and kids tend to be less sick

what are the benefits of breastfeeding in moms

contracts uterus to pre-pregnancy status, prolongs ovulation/periods, conserves iron stores, and reduces risk of cancer, CVD, T2 diabetes, and hypertension

Discuss characteristics and causes of Alzheimer's dementia.

causes: age, obesity, diabetes, family history, smoking, hypertension, and poor sleep patterns

characteristics: brain develops senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles which deteriorates the brain, body systems start to shut down, and memory loss/odd behavior occurs

Explain why age-related muscle loss occurs and ways to slow its progression.

Sarcopenia occurs due to an increase in fat content, which lowers the muscle content in the body. It can be slowed with exercise, and adequate protein/nutrients

Discuss diet and lifestyle habits associated with healthy aging

consuming a mostly plant based diet with all the essential nutrients, maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in physical activity, getting adequate sleep, finding a way to relive stress, and a sense of belonging

Discuss diet and lifestyle habits associated with unhealthy aging

not engaging in adequate amounts of exercise, being over/under weight, consuming a lot of added sugars or alcohol, smoking, and not getting adequate nutrients

fastest growing age group

people over 85

what frequency should older adults should participate in strength training per week

2 non consecutive days per week, should do 8-10 different exercises involving different muscles

what frequency should older adults should participate in aerobic exercise per week

4-5 days a week for at least 30 minutes

consequences of under-consuming fiber in older adults

constipation

consequences of under-consuming carbs in older adults

proteins are used in energy storage

micro/macronutrients older adults are usally deficient in that dont have adverse effects listed

protein and vitamin D

consequences of adults being low in vitamin B12

poor cognition, anemia, exercise intolerance

how would an older adult become low in folate?

low fruit/veggie intake, alcoholism, or a malabsorption condition

how would an older adult become low in iron?

low food intake or high amounts of tea/coffee

effects of too much iron from a supplement in the elderly

neuroinflammation

what can happen in the elderly due to low levels of zinc

loss of taste, problems with memory, thinking, reasoning, wound healing, immune system, and slower metabolism

what happens if an older adult is is low in calcium?

cognitive issues, metabolism, and muscle issues

what are some diet and lifestyle factors associated with a delay or reduction in arthritis symptoms

weight reduction, physical activity, or joint replacement

what are some diet and lifestyle factors associated with a delay or reduction in dementia symptoms

keeping diabetes under control, physical activity, good diet, certain medications, and adequate amounts of vitamins B6, B12, and folate

what is the leading cause of visual loss among older people

cataracts

what are the nutrients that are associated with delays in the progression of cataracts

antioxidants, vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and selenium

what are the nutrients that are associated with delays in the progression of macular degeneration

copper, zinc, vitamins E and C, beta carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin

what are the risk factors for malnutrition in older adults

older adults with little social contact, chronic disease, poor diet, poor oral health, issues with teeth, economic hardship, and involuntary losing weight

what are the effects of loneliness on food intake

depression or loneliness can cause one to not want to cook and often under-consume calories

what are the largest federal food assistance programs

OAA, meals on wheels, and SNAP