Physiology Exam 4

What organ filters lymph using B and T cells?

Lymph nodes

What organ is primary lymph tissue that produce and matures t-lymphocytes with thymosin?

Thymus

What organ produces lymphocytes for antibodies, removes damaged RBCs, and acts as a blood resovoir?

Spleen

What is the the red pulp of the spleen?

Reticular fibers with macrophages, recycles cells and disposes of pathogens

What is in the white pulp of the spleen?

Lymphoid nodules, lymphoid and reticular fibers that offer immune function

Where is mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue located?

Where do macrophages and dendritic cells come from?

What innate cell induces apoptosis in other cells with perforatin and granzymes?

Natural killer cells

What cells are antigen presenting?

Cytokine

What kind of cell releases cytokines to stimulate B cells to form plasma cells?

Helper T cell

What type of cell activates the secondary immune response?

Memory T cell

What cell destroys pathogens by binding to and releasing perforins and granzymes?

Cytotoxic T cells

What cell tones down the immune system after it is done destroying a pathogen?

Suppressor T cells

What lymphocyte mediates humoral immunity?

B cell

What cell releases specific antibodies in response to a pathogen?

What do antibodies bind to?

Adaptive immunity

Secondary immune response

Type I

What type of immunity is gained after being exposed to an infectious agent?

Active natural immunity

What kind of immunity is from vaccines?

Active artificial immunity

What kind of immunity is getting a treatment shot after being exposed to a disease?

Passive artificial immunity

What kind of immunity comes from antibodies in a mother’s breastmilk?

Passive natural immunity

What part of the respiratory system has no gas exchange, providing rigid conduits for air to reach sites of has exchange? (nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi)

Conducting zone

What part of the respiratory system has gas exchange? (alveoli)

Respiratory zone

Pulmonary ventilation

Average atmospheric pressure

What is it called when oxygen diffuses out of the capillary and into cells, while CO2 diffuses into the capillary and out of cells?

Internal respiration

What is it called when oxygen diffuses into the capillary from the alveolus, and CO2 diffuses into the alveolus from the capillary?

External respiration

Surfactant

Which muscles contract during inspiration?

Which muscles contract during expiration?

Negative interpleural space

What is a collapsed lung?

Pneumothorax

What is increased depth and rate of ventilation to meet an increased O2 need?

Hyperpnea

What is the blood perfusion of the top part of the lungs?

Elevated ventilation, reduced perfusion

What is the blood perfusion of the bottom parts of the lungs?

Reduced ventilation, elevated perfusion

What is the average range of tidal breathing?

2000 - 3000

What type of respiratory disorder is characterized by a reduction in lung volume? Difficulty taking air

Restrictive

What type of respiratory disorder is characterized by a reduction in airflow? Difficulty inhaling/ exhaling

Obstructive

What is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled in 1 second?

FEV1

What can be used to determine the type of respiratory disease based on increase or decrease?

FVC1/FVC ratio

What disorder results from a mutation in the CFTR gene, causing increased and thick mucus?

Cystic fibrosis

blood gas values

How is most oxygen carried in blood?

Hemoglobin

What is the main way CO2 is transported in blood?

Bicarbonate dissolving in plasma

What is the antiport that allows bicarbonate to exit RBCs and enter plasma without changing the pH?

Chloride shift

What enzyme is used for the chloride shift?

Carbonic anhydrase

What antiport allows bicarbonate to reenter RBCs and form carbonic acid?

Reverse chloride shift

What is the self-exciting inspiratory center (pacemaker) in the medulla?

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

What are in the medulla and sense CO2 in CSF?

Central chemoreceptors

What are in the carotid arch and sense pH, plasma O2, and plasma CO2?

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Urinary system structure

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

Parts of nephron

What part of the kidney contains the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, acting as a blood filter?

Renal corpuscle

What surrounds the glomerulus and initiates blood filtration?

Bowman’s capsule

What vessel carries renal filtrate to the bladder?

Collecting duct

What vessel carries blood to the kidney from the aorta?

What are the capillary networks that supply blood to the renal medulla?

Vasa recta

4 mechanisms renal fluid movement

What is the sum of hydrostatic and osmotic pressures?

NFiltrationP

Countercurrent multiplier process of urine concentration

What area of the nephron is impermeable to water?

Ascending loop of Henle

What area of the nephron is impermeable to salt?

Descending loop of Henle

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

What type of glomerular filtration regulation involves the JGA releasing ____ that activates _________ , producing _______ to increase GFR?

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Where does angiotensinogen come from?

Angiotensin II

What organ secretes renin?

Ju

Functioin

Renin

Where is ACE found?

function

ACE

Where does aldosterone come from?

What hormone increase the glomerular filtration rate?

Aldosterone

What is the amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing?

Tidal volume (TV)

What is the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation?

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

What is the additional air that can be forcible exhaled after normal exhalation?

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

What is the air still remaining in the lungs even after exhalation?

Residual volume (RV)

What is TV + IRV + ERV + RV?

Total lung capacity

What is TV+IRV+ERV, approximately 80% of TLC?

Vital capacity

What is TV + IRV?

Inspiratory capacity

What is RV +ERV?

Functional residual capacity

What is NOT a way CO2 is transported in blood?

Forming oxyhemoglobin in RBCs