Zoology Final

5 general features of all animals

Heterophy- can’t make their own food, multicellularity- made up of many cells, No cell wall, Mobility, Sexual Reproduction- male and female gametes

ectoderm

becomes our outer skin, nervous system, and sensory organs

Endoderm

becomes the lining of the digestive tract, respiratory system, urinary bladder, digestive organs, liver, and many glands

Mesoderm

becomes most of the skeleton, muscles, circulatory system, reproductive organs, and excretory organs

Cephalization

the concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism

Acoelomates

animals with no body cavity

Pseudocoelomates

animals that have a body cavity located between the mesoderm and endoderm.

Coelomates

animals that have a true coelom, a body cavity located entirely within the mesoderm

Hydrostatic skeleton

consists of water that is contained under pressure in a closed cavity

Exoskeleton

a rigid external skeleton that encloses the body of an organism

Endoskeleton

internal skeleton: internal skeleton composed of a hard material, such as bone

3 behavior categories

Parental care, foraging behavior, migratory behavior

Behavior

an action or series of actions performed by an animal in response to a stimulus

Innate behavior

genetically programmed behavior; instinct

Learning

the development of behaviors through experience

Conditioning

learning by association

Reasoning

the ability to analyse a problem and think of a possible solution

Imprinting

a newborn animal’s desire to follow the first object it sees

Mate choice

Females evaluate males

Sexual selection

Mate is chosen based on traits

Hominids

primates that walk upright on two legs

Apes vs. monkeys

Apes do not have tails, monkeys have smaller brains

Characteristics of mammals

have fur, mammary glands, give birth to live young, endothermic, specialized teeth

Carnivora (dogs and cats)

strong, canine teeth, flesh-eaters, intelligent, good senses

Primates

grasping hands and feet, curious, able to learn

Hyracoidea (hyraxes)

rabbit-like, 4 hoofed toes on front feet, 3 hoofed toes on back feet

Cetacea (dolphins)

streamlined bodies, flippers, no hind limbs, flat tail, blowhole, intelligent, communicate in clicks

Chiroptera (bats)

front limbs modified into wings, thumb claw, echolocation, active at night

Characteristics of reptiles

Ectothermic, dry scaly skin, internal fertilization

Characteristics of birds

Forelimbs form wings, thin and hollow bones, endothermic

Contour feathers

cover the bird’s body and give adult birds their shape

Flight feathers

specialized contour feathers found on the wings and tail; they help provide lift for flight

Down feathers

cover the body of young birds and are found beneath the contour feathers on adult birds; provides insulation to conserve body heat

Preening

relinking connections in feathers and spreading oil to clean and waterproof feathers

Characteristics of modern fishes

Gills, single-loop blood circulation: blood goes from heart to gills to rest of the body and back to heart

Gill filaments

finger-like projections through which gases enter and leave the blood

Gill slit

an opening at the back of the cheek cavity through which water leaves

Countercurrent flow

water passes over the gills in one direction as blood flows in the opposite direction through capillaries in the gills

Sinus venosus

where blood enters the heart; acts to reduce the resistance of blood flow into the heart

Atrium

a large chamber with thin, muscular walls

Ventricle

thick-walled pump with enough muscle tissue to contract strongly, forcing blood to flow through the gills and rest of the body

Conus arteriosus

this chamber is a second pump that smooths the pulsations and adds more force

Nephrons

tube-like units that regulate the body's salt and water balance and remove

metabolic wastes from the blood; thousands of these make up the kidneys

Spawning

male and female gametes are released near one another in the water

Lateral line

a sensory system that extends along each side of a bony fish's body, allowing a fish to perceive its position and rate of movement, as well as to detect other objects

Operculum

a hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head

Metamorphasis

Abrupt radical change in physical structure

Ovoviviparous

keeps eggs inside the body to develop, could hatch inside, could lay them and hatch immediately

Oviparous

lay eggs, develop outside the body

Characteristics of amphibians

Lungs after gills, respiration through moist skin, partially divided heart: atrium is divided into right and left sides by a septum (wall), but the ventricle is not