PE - musculoskeletal system

Name 3 functions of the skeleton

Storing calcium and phosphorous, Muscle attachment and Protection

What produces red & white blood cells and platelets

Bone marrow

How does the skeleton protect us, give a sporting example also

Bones protect vital organs. The ribs protect our lungs when being tackled in rugby

What joins muscle to bones

Tendons

What does the ‘joints for movement’ function of the skeleton mean?

Gives us better balance, allowing us to bend and rotate. We use levers to generate force.

What is a lever?

a rigid rod (bone) that rotates around a joint to move a load when effort is applied

What does calcium do

Keeps our bones strong and healthy

What does phosphorous do?

Maintaining strong bones, reduces muscle pain after a workout

2 examples of a long bone, their function and example in sport

Femur, phalanges. Act as levers to enable the body to move at joints. Bicep pulls on radius to flex elbow when doing a bicep curl.

2 examples of a short bone, their function and example in sport

Carpals, tarsals. Flexibility to wrist and ankles, shock absorption. Carpals absorb impact when catching a basketball.

2 examples of a flat bone, their function and example in sport

Cranium, patella. Protect vital organs, attachment of muscles to help movement. Cranium protects brain when headering a football.

2 examples of an irregular bone, their function and example in sport

Vertebrae, sacrum. Attachment points for muscle. First and second vertebrae allow the head to nod and rotate, which is important for sport.

Order of the vertebral regions

Cervical, thoraic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Each vertebral region and how many vertebrae each one has;

Cervical (7), Thoraic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5, fused), Coccyx (4, fused)

4 classifications of joints, and example of each

Pivot (atlas & axis), hinge (elbow or hip), ball & socket (shoulder), condyloid (wrist)

Ranges of movement at each joint;

Pivot (rotation), hinge (dorsi flexion & plantar flexion), ball & socket (flexions, extension, rotation, adduction, abduction, circumduction), condyloid (flexion, extension, adduction, abduction)

What do ligaments and tendons do?

Tendon - muscle to bone

Ligament - bone to bone

True/false, a ligament is elastic. If so, why?

Yes. Allows movement

Is a tendon elastic?

No

Example of flexion and extension in sport

Flexion - bending arm up in bicep curl

Extension - swinging arm back before racing dive

Example of adduction and abduction in sport

Adduction - swinging golf club before hitting

Abduction - the crucifix pose on gymnastic rings

Example of rotation and circumduction in sport

Rotation - tennis serve

Circumduction - bowling cricket ball

Example of dorsi and plantar flexion in sport

Dorsi - positioning feet in starting blocks before a sprint

Plantar - floor gymnast pointing their toes

Function of the deltoid and pectoralis major

Deltoid - abduct upper arm from the body at the shoulder

Pectoralis major - adduct the arm at the shoulder

Function of the latissimus dorsi and biceps

Lats - adduct & extend arm at shoulder

Biceps - flex arm at elbow

Function of the triceps and gluteals

Triceps - extend arm at elbow

Gluteals - adduct & extend leg at hips

Function of external obliques and hip flexors

Obliques - flex & rotate spinal column, pull chest down

Hip flexors - flex the hip, moves the leg up to the body

Function of the quadriceps and hamstrings

Quads - extend leg at the knee

Hams - flex the leg at knee

Function of the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior

Gastroc - plantar flex at ankle

Tibialis - dorsi flex at ankle

What is the term for bones becoming so weak that they can break easily

Osteoporosis

What is the term for increased muscle size

Hypertrophy

2 effects of exercise on the skeletal system

Increased bone density

Stronger ligaments and tendons

Colour of type 1 fibres, and why

Darker red. They contain myoglobin which transports oxygen to muscles. The slowest muscle fibre.

Colour of type 2a fibres and why

Lighter colour. Dont use oxygen to make energy

Colour of 2x fibres and why

White. Don’t use any oxygen to make energy. The most explosive muscle fibre.