Sociology of Work, Education, Media, and Urbanization: Key Concepts and Theories

The Industrial Revolution pushed workers into which sector of the economy?

secondary sector

Which term refers to the decline of industrial production that occurred in the United States after about 1950?

deindustrialization

The most recent technological change to the U.S. economy was the

Information Revolution

Which of the following terms refers to work guided by the principles of efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and automation?

McDonaldization

In 1970, the federal government created OSHA to oversee and regulate.

workplace health and safety

Which of the following types of work poses the highest risk of death on the job?

agriculture

Perhaps the most important reason that U.S. companies have moved industrial production abroad is

lower wages paid to workers in other nations

If your job has the quality of McDonaldization, which of the following would you not expect to find?

creativity

If you claim that people, especially the disadvantaged, look to the government to meet their needs, you are speaking as a.

liberal

Which theoretical approach highlights the meaning that people attach to the jobs they hold and the work they perform?

symbolic-interaction approach

Telecommuting has what major disadvantage for workers?

It blurs the line between home and work.

About what share of U.S. workers spend at least some of a typical workday working at home?

22 percent

About what percentage of young children of mothers in the labor force receive care during the working day from a parent, grandparent, or other relative?

49 percent

According to the liberal point of view, the main cause of school problems is

too little funding for public schools and too much inequality of funding among schools

According to symbolic-interaction analysis, tracking and other forms of labeling in education.

can create a self-fulfilling prophecy

Radicals on the left argue that problems in our schools arise from

basic flaws in the economic and political structure of society

Which political point of view argues that the main problem of public education is that government controls most schools, so public schools do not have to compete for students?

conservative

By which year had every state enacted a law requiring children to attend school?

1918

Prior to the civil rights movement, the main reason that schools in the North were segregated was that.

most African Americans had little choice but to live in all-black neighborhoods

Doug Downey and his colleagues discovered that U.S. children spend what percentage of their waking hours in a given year in school?

13 percent

In 1954, which decision by the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated schools violated the Constitution, striking down the "separate but equal" standard that dated back to 1896?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

In 1997, the state of Vermont enacted a law (Act 60) that

combines school taxes across the state and redistributes funding on an equal per-student basis

As the U.S. economy moved from farming to industry, the responsibility for teaching the young moved from parents to_

specially trained teachers

By the 1950s, half of all U.S. households

owned at least one television

The U.S. military supported the development of the internet because

military leaders feared war would destroy city-based mass media

The concept of "media" refers to

channels of communication

The first U.S. president to make extensive use of social media was_

Donald Trump

The concept "digital divide" refers to the fact that.

there are large differences in internet use among various categories of people within a country or among people living in different regions of the world

Research shows that about what share of U.S. teens claim that using social media makes them feel better connected to their friends?

80 percent

Which of the following concepts refers to interactive media that allows people to communicate with each other and to form communities based on interests and goals?

social media

Research by Sherry Turkle concluded that the use of social media tends to make young people

experience less empathy toward other people

Researchers studying political bias in media outlets conclude that

some media sources, to varying degrees, lean left and others lean right

In recent decades, high-rise public housing_

has fallen out of favor with some projects even being torn down

The poverty rate is highest in which of the following areas of the country?

central cities

What is the term for settlements, common in poor nations, where people have constructed makeshift homes from whatever materials they can find, and where most people do not have even clean water and sewerage?

shantytowns

Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of cities are referred to as

suburbs

From which political point of view do people explain problems like street violence and poverty in terms of family breakdown?

conservative

After World War I, the search for new housing, economic prosperity, and the greater physical mobility brought on by cars combined to push more and more people outward from the central cities into_

suburbs

Today, the Sunbelt is home to what percentage of the U.S. population?

50 percent

When the United States declared independence in 1776, what percentage of the population lived in cities?

5 percent

In the poorest countries of the world, what share of the population lives in urban areas?

31 percent

Within which of the following types of social organization did Tönnies claim that the typical person pays only passing attention to the welfare of the community but mostly "looks out for number one"?

Gesellschaft

The death toll from the U.S. Civil War was about

600,000

People at which position on the political spectrum tend to favor military strength as the best way to keep the peace?

conservative

Soldiers have long talked about "battle fatigue" or "shell shock." After the Vietnam War, what disorder of this kind was widely recognized as a war-related disability?

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

In 2016, there were about how many terrorist attacks worldwide?

11,000

Which political position claims that peace can only come through establishing equality among all people in the world?

radical left

In 2017, the U.S. defense budget was roughly

for each citizen of the country.

$1,800

After World War I, the United States maintained tense relations with the Soviet Union in a_

cold war

After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union each boosted military spending to try to prevent the other from gaining a military edge. This pattern is

called

an arms race

Between 1942 and 1944, the United States operated internment camps, which the government filled with.

100,000 people of Japanese ancestry

Which of the following terms refers to a point of view that shows us how society affects the experiences and choices of individuals?

sociological imagination

A social problem is defined as a condition that

harms some or all members of a society and is usually controversial

In Florida, do we spend more per student in lower income schools, or less per student in lower income schools, compared to higher income public schools

spend more per student in lower income schools

globalization and the costs and benefits?

Benefits- trade bigger, communications around world lead to wealth, jobs,

Coats- some workers lost out like those working manufacturing/industrials those without degree. (levis)

How have the labor force participation rates (% working for pay) for women and men changed since the mid-1800s ?

For men gone down but still higher than women. For women much bigger.

What has been the focus of public school reform since 2000 (A Nation at Risk...)

Choice

what are the psychological costs of capitalism?

Stress for being fired or company closing and getting ahead

What does the Prisoner's Dilemma experiment illustrate about negotiating peace treaties with other countries

If they act individual based on their own self-interest that will cause the worst outcome. The best way is build trust and have communication

What is the Coleman Report, and what did it conclude would be the best way to address racial inequality in educational opportunity?

The main way is to end segregation.

How does assembly line production illustrate concepts of alienation and McDonaldization?

Deskills you since you only focus on one task.

The nature of early agricultural work in places like North Florida was profoundly shaped by slavery - what percent of the population of Leon County, Florida, did slaves make up in 1860 (Free and Slave Populations of Florida)?

Around 75%

How does the "Russiagate" story (alleged collusion between Trump's campaign team and Russia to subvert Hillary Clinton) serve as an example of media bias (lecture)?

Russia interfered with the election to mess it up. Allegations it was Trump and haunted him for first couple of months. Media bias is that it was never confirmed trump did it but it did impact him. Cause hatred to fake media mainly by republicans

What are the benefits of industrial capitalism according to Milton Friedman's "parable of the pencil?"

Impossible to make a pencil on your own. It takes multiple countries and those who don't speak the same language. Materials come from all over.

How are the scores (coordinates) for a media source determined (Efforts to Make Unbiased Ratings)?

Top to bottom (reliability):

Top = very factual, accurate reporting, strong evidence

Bottom = unreliable, misleading, or opinion-based content

Left to right (political bias):

Left side = leans liberal or progressive viewpoints

Center = more neutral or balanced reporting

Right side = leans conservative viewpoints

percent of adults in the US that think we are living in the end times

40%

how many fatalities where there specifically in the Soviet Union (lecture)?

27 million died

What "critical threat" worries Republicans the most?

Iran with nuclear weapons and immigrants

What "critical threat" worries Democrats the most?

Climate change or global warming

Around what year did the US become half-urban and half-rural?

1910

What was the ratio of per pupil funding in white schools vs. black schools in Florida in 1919-20 (Florida School Funding Per Pupil, 1919-20)?

$55 per white student and $13 per black about 4 times more

How much was the ratio for Florida in 1950-52 (School Funding Per Pupil in the South, 1950-52)?

$221 and $160

What was the worldwide death toll from World War II?

between 60 and 75 million people

how do US adults compare to adults in western europe based on the AP weekly quizzes

Western European adults tend to score higher on news literacy and civic knowledge than U.S. adults. U.S. adults tend to have more polarized news consumption patterns, which can affect factual knowledge.