Structure + Physical properties

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Last updated 10:12 AM on 4/21/26
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10 Terms

1
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general structure and nomenclature of aldehyde

  • RCHO where R= H, alkyl or aryl(benzaldehyde)

  • name ends with ‘al’ eg methanal, ethanal

  • Carbon in -CHO is numbered as carbon 1

<ul><li><p>RCHO where R= H, alkyl or aryl(benzaldehyde)</p></li><li><p>name ends with ‘al’ eg methanal, ethanal</p></li><li><p>Carbon in -CHO is numbered as carbon 1</p></li></ul><p></p>
2
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general structure and nomenclature of ketones

  • RCOR’ where R/R’=alkyl or aryl

  • name ends with -one eg propanone (there needs to be at least 3 carbons so methanone and ethanone do not exist)

  • eg pentan-2-one —> ketone group is in the position 2

<ul><li><p>RCOR’ where R/R’=alkyl or aryl</p></li><li><p>name ends with -one eg propanone (there needs to be at least 3 carbons so methanone and ethanone do not exist)</p></li><li><p>eg pentan-2-one —&gt; ketone group is in the position 2</p></li></ul><p></p>
3
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cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

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4
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benzenecarbaldeyde OR benzaldehyde

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5
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aldehydes and ketones are _______ isomers

constitutional isomers

6
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Order the following in increasing boiling point:

  • aldehydes and ketones

  • hydrocarbons

  • alcohols and carboxylic acis

(assuming all have similar no. of e'-)

hydrocarbons > aldehydes and ketones > alcohols and carboxylic acids

7
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Why do aldehydes and ketones have higher bp than corresponding hydrocarbons?

  • carbonyl group is polar

  • more energy required to overcome the stronger permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions exist between the molecules in aldehydes/ketones

  • than the weaker disperson forces between hydrocarbon molecules

8
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Why do aldehydes and ketones have lower bp than alcohols and carboxylic acids?

  • less energy is required to overcome the relatively weaker permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions between molecules in aldehydes/ketones

  • as compared to the stronger hydrogen bonds between molecules in alcohol/carobxylic acids

9
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What kinds of carbonyl compounds are soluble and why?

  • smaller aliphatic(no ring structure) aldehydes and ketones

  • smaller non-polar groups which result in weaker dispersion forces and less disruption in hydrogen bonding

  • energy released from the formation of stronger hydrogen bonds between aldehyde/ketone and water molecules

  • more able to overcome the permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions as well as weaker dispersion forces between aldeyde/ketone molecules and hydrogen bonds between water molecules

10
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What kinds carbonyls compounds are virtually insoluble and why?

  • aldehydes/ketones containing alkyl chains of more than 5 carbons or an aromatic ring

  • this results in stronger dispersion forces and more disrupted hydrogen bonding with water

  • energy released from the formation of weaker hydrogen bonds between aldehyde/ketone and water molecules

  • less able to overcome the permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions as well as stronger dispersion forces between aldeyde/ketone molecules and hydrogen bonds between water molecules