LIN 001Y Midterm 1

Articulations

Production of sounds

 Voicing

vocal cords are held tightly enough to not allow air to pass easily (nut not so tightly that air can’t pass at all

Oral

Air exiting through the mouth and creates speech sounds

Nasal

Air exiting through the mouth and nose to create a speech sound

Consonants

speech sounds that involve a constriction somewhere along the vocal tract

Vowels

Produced when air is allowed to pass through the vocal tract without a significant blockage of air

Place

along the vocal tract at which the obstruction occurs

Manner

Which the obstruction is created by the articulator

Stops

consonants with a complete closure at some point along the vocal tract (like p)

Fricatives

 partial constriction at some point of the vocal tract

Affricate

A stop + fricative sequence made at the same point of articulation (like ch)

Approximant

Sounds that involves less closure than stops and fricatives

Nasals (Articulation)

stops performed with a lowered velum, air passes through the nasal cavity (like m)

Phonetics

the study of the production, perception, and transcription of speech sounds

Lateral approximant

special class of approximants which include the sound like ‘l’ in English

How are the vowels describe by?

• Height

• Frontness

• Rounding

Writing

graphic representation of language using symbols

Orthography

conventional writing system for a language in a given social setting

Phones

individual sound and produced in a specific way

Diphthongs

vowels that are actually composed of 2 separate vowel sounds, stitched together

Monophthongs

one vowel and one vowel sound

Place of Articulation

of articulation varied from the lips to the glottis, left to right across the column

Manner of articulation

varied from most to least constricted, top to bottom across rows

Transcription

Passage of speech is represented using IPA characters

Timbre

 Feeling of a sound

Phonology

study of speech sounds as mental/psychological categories

Categorization

 paying attention to some characteristics and ignoring others

Phoneme

 a sound category in a language

Minimal Pairs

Different meaning based on one difference in one speech sound in the same position

//

Sound categories (not an actual sound)

[]

Actual sound

Allophones

different phones that can represent a given phoneme

Natural class

group of phones that share some phonetic property

Contrastive length

When a vowel is considered different when it is temporally longer, despite having the same ‘sound’

:

can be the length

What does morphology deal with?

The structure of words

What is a word?

A sequence of letters between two spaces when written down

Why is the definition of the word not useful?

• It’s arbitrary

• Doesn’t work uniformly for all languages

• Doesn’t recognize the internal structure of words

Morphemes

Words changing the order to convey grammatical information and how changing the words can make a new/different words

Allomorphs

When two morphemes have the same meaning but differ slightly in their sound structure

What is the difference between Morphology and Etymology?

Etymology is the investigation of history of words and how they changed over time
Morphology focuses on the internal structure and formation of words and how the words are built

Inflection

modification of a word’s form to provide grammatical information

Derivation

change the lexical category of the base morpheme which changes the meaning

Compounding

process of forming a new word using two already-exisitng words

Blends

words that are created from non-morphemic parts of two already existing words

Clipping

a process that shortens polysyllabic words by deleting some of the syllables (not morphemes)

Backformation

creates a new word by removing a real or hypothesized affix from a already existing word

Phonology

the study of the grouping of sounds into mental categories, and the combination of speech sounds into larger units

Syntax

The organization of words into sentences

Case marking

when a language adds morphological markers to verb arguments to indicate their grammatical role in the sentence

Constituents

groups of words that act like units. They are sometimes referred to as phrases

Phrase

a group of words that functions as a constituent

Noun phrases (NP)

phrases that center around nouns

Prepositional Phrases (PP)

consist of a prepositon plus a noun phrase

Verb Phrases (VP)

 A verb phrase is a verb, and its objects (but not the subject)