Biology Last lab Quiz

How can organisms in kingdom Fungi be classified into taxa?

By characteristics such as type of spores, reproductive structures, life cycle patterns, presence of hyphae, and ecological roles.

What is the role of fungi as decomposers?

Fungi break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients back into ecosystems.

What characteristics are common to all fungi?

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic by absorption, cell walls made of chitin, typically multicellular (except yeasts), and reproduce via spores.

What is the difference between haploid, dikaryotic, and diploid fungal cells?

Haploid cells have one nucleus (n), dikaryotic cells have two separate haploid nuclei (n + n), and diploid cells have one nucleus with two sets of chromosomes (2n).

What is the role of hyphae in fungi?

Hyphae increase surface area for absorption and make up the structure of the fungus.

What is the role of spores in fungi?

Spores function in reproduction and dispersal, allowing fungi to spread and colonize new environments.

How do fungal reproductive structures differ among the five phyla?

Each phylum produces spores differently (e.g., chytrids produce zoospores, ascomycetes use asci, basidiomycetes use basidia).

How do zoospores help chytrids reproduce?

Zoospores are flagellated and can swim in moist environments to find new habitats.

What are the key features of zygomycetes?

They form resistant zygosporangia and reproduce sexually through zygospores and asexually through spores.

How do glomeromycetes interact with plants?

They form mycorrhizae, helping plants absorb nutrients while receiving sugars in return.

What are the characteristics of ascomycetes?

They produce spores in sac-like structures called asci and include yeasts and molds.

What are the characteristics of basidiomycetes?

They produce spores on basidia and include mushrooms and shelf fungi.

How do basidiomycetes and ascomycetes differ?

Basidiomycetes produce spores externally on basidia, while ascomycetes produce spores internally in asci.

How do fungi interact with other organisms?

Through mutualism (e.g., lichens), parasitism, and decomposition.

How can organisms in kingdom Animalia be classified?

By symmetry, tissue layers, body cavity, embryonic development, segmentation, and presence of digestive systems.

What characteristics are common to all animals?

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, lack cell walls, and have specialized tissues.

What traits are used to determine evolutionary relationships among animal phyla?

Symmetry, germ layers, coelom type, segmentation, and embryonic development patterns.

What are the characteristics and adaptations of sponges?

Lack true tissues, asymmetrical, porous bodies, filter feeders, and rely on water flow for feeding.

What are the characteristics of cnidarians?

Radial symmetry, diploblastic tissues, gastrovascular cavity, and stinging cells (cnidocytes).

What adaptations do cnidarians have?

Tentacles for capturing prey and specialized stinging cells for defense.

What are the characteristics of flatworms?

Bilateral symmetry, acoelomate, incomplete digestive system, and cephalization.

What are the characteristics of mollusks?

Soft body, mantle, muscular foot, and often a shell.

What are the characteristics of annelids?

Segmented bodies, coelom, closed circulatory system, and more complex organ systems.

What are the characteristics of roundworms?

Unsegmented, pseudocoelomate, complete digestive tract.

How do flatworms, roundworms, and annelids differ?

Flatworms are acoelomate, roundworms are pseudocoelomate, and annelids are coelomate and segmented.

What are the characteristics of arthropods?

Exoskeleton, jointed appendages, segmented body, and molting.

What adaptations contribute to arthropod success?

Exoskeleton, segmentation, specialized appendages, and diverse feeding strategies.

What are the characteristics of echinoderms?

Radial symmetry as adults, water vascular system, and endoskeleton.

What are the four key characteristics of chordates?

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.

What characteristics define relationships among chordates?

Presence/absence of jaws, skeleton type, and developmental traits.

What are the characteristics of tunicates?

Sessile adults, retain chordate traits as larvae.

What are the characteristics of lancelets?

Retain chordate features throughout life and resemble fish.

What are the characteristics of lampreys and hagfish?

Jawless fishes with simple body plans.

What are the characteristics of fishes?

Aquatic vertebrates with gills, fins, and scales.

Why are lobe-finned fishes important?

They are ancestors of tetrapods and have limb-like fins.

What are the characteristics of amphibians?

Live in water and on land, moist skin, undergo metamorphosis.

What are the characteristics of reptiles?

Amniotic eggs, scales, and adapted for terrestrial life.

How do birds differ from nonavian reptiles?

Birds are endothermic, have feathers, and are adapted for flight.

What are the characteristics of mammals?

Hair, mammary glands, endothermy, and complex brains.

What is the role of the circulatory system in homeostasis?

Maintains stable internal conditions by transporting materials.

What is an open circulatory system?

Blood is not confined to vessels and directly bathes tissues.

What is a closed circulatory system?

Blood is contained within vessels and pumped by a heart.

How do vertebrate circulatory systems differ?

By heart structure (2, 3, or 4 chambers) and efficiency of oxygen transport.

How are breathing and cellular respiration related?

Breathing supplies oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide.

What is a respiratory surface?

A surface where gas exchange occurs.

What are types of respiratory surfaces?

Gills, lungs, tracheal systems, and skin.

What two resources do animals obtain from food?

Energy and raw materials.

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs make their own food; heterotrophs consume other organisms.

What factors determine how much food an animal needs?

Body size, activity level, metabolic rate, and environmental conditions.

What are the four stages of food processing?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination.

What are different feeding strategies in animals?

Herbivory, carnivory, omnivory, filter feeding, and parasitism.

What is intracellular digestion?

Digestion within cells.

What is extracellular digestion?

Digestion outside cells in a digestive cavity.

What is an incomplete digestive tract?

One opening for food intake and waste removal.

What is a complete digestive tract?

Separate openings for mouth and anus.

How do herbivore and carnivore digestive tracts differ?

Herbivores have longer, more complex tracts for plant digestion.

Why is thermoregulation vital?

It maintains proper enzyme function and survival.

What is ectothermy?

Dependence on external heat sources.

What is endothermy?

Internal heat generation.

What mechanisms regulate body temperature?

Behavior, insulation, circulation changes, and metabolic heat.

Why is body fluid regulation important?

It maintains cellular function and balance of water and solutes.

How do freshwater and saltwater organisms differ in osmoregulation?

Freshwater organisms gain water and lose salts; saltwater organisms lose water and gain salts.

What are nitrogenous wastes?

Waste products from protein metabolism.

What are the types of nitrogenous wastes?

Ammonia, urea, uric acid.

What is fungus?

A eukaryotic organism that absorbs nutrients and has chitin cell walls.

What is hyphae?

Filamentous structures that make up fungi.

What is mycelium?

Network of hyphae.

What is spore?

Reproductive cell of fungi.

What is Animalia?

Kingdom of multicellular heterotrophic organisms without cell walls.

What is symmetry?

Arrangement of body parts.

What is coelom?

Body cavity.

What is segmentation?

Division of body into repeating units.

What is chordate?

Animal with notochord and dorsal nerve cord.

What is endotherm?

Organism that generates internal heat.

What is ectotherm?

Organism relying on external heat.

What is osmoregulation?

Control of water balance.

What is thermoregulation?

Control of body temperature.

What is Porifera?

Sponges; simple filter-feeding animals.

What is Cnidaria?

Radially symmetrical animals with stinging cells.

What is Platyhelminthes?

Flatworms; acoelomate animals.

What is Mollusca?

Soft-bodied animals with mantle and foot.

What is Annelida?

Segmented worms.

What is Nematoda?

Roundworms with pseudocoelom.

What is Arthropoda?

Animals with exoskeletons and jointed appendages.

What is Echinodermata?

Marine animals with radial symmetry and water vascular system.

What is Chordata?

Animals with notochord and dorsal nerve cord.

What organisms belong to Porifera?

Sponges.

What organisms belong to Cnidaria?

Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones.

What organisms belong to Platyhelminthes?

Flatworms like planaria and tapeworms.

What organisms belong to Mollusca?

Snails, clams, octopuses.

What organisms belong to Annelida?

Earthworms and leeches.

What organisms belong to Nematoda?

Roundworms.

What organisms belong to Arthropoda?

Insects, spiders, crustaceans.

What organisms belong to Echinodermata?

Sea stars, sea urchins.

What organisms belong to Chordata?

Vertebrates and some invertebrates like tu

What criteria are used to classify fungi into specific taxa?

Type of reproductive structures, spore formation, life cycle patterns, hyphal structure, and ecological interactions.

Why are fungi considered essential decomposers in ecosystems?

They break down complex organic materials like cellulose and lignin, recycling nutrients for other organisms.

What structural feature allows fungi to efficiently absorb nutrients?

A large surface area created by networks of hyphae.

What is the functional difference between haploid and dikaryotic stages in fungi?

Haploid cells have one nucleus, while dikaryotic cells contain two genetically distinct nuclei that have not fused.