Global History & Geography Ultimate Regents Review

A comprehensive set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering global history concepts from 1750 to the modern era, based on the New York State Social Studies Framework.

The Mughal Empire was generally known for religious tolerance, particularly under the rule of __________.

Akbar the Great

The Ottoman Empire utilized the __________ system to recruit and train Christian boys as soldiers or bureaucrats.

Devshirme

Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan implemented a strict isolationist policy known as __________, which means 'closed country.'

sakoku

The Bourbon Dynasty king __________ built the lavish Palace of Versailles to keep French nobles under his influence and centralize power.

King Louis XIV

John Locke's political philosophy, outlined in 'Two Treatises of Government' ($1690$), argued that individuals are born with natural rights including life, liberty, and __________.

property

Baron de Montesquieu advocated for the __________ in 'The Spirit of Laws' ($1748$) to prevent tyranny and create a system of checks and balances.

separation of powers

The Enlightenment thinker __________ promoted popular sovereignty in 'The Social Contract' ($1762$), suggesting political power originates from the people.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

An absolute ruler who makes positive changes based on Enlightenment ideas, such as Catherine the Great, is known as an __________ __________.

enlightened despot

During the radical phase of the French Revolution, Maximilien Robespierre led the Committee of Public Safety and implemented the __________ of __________.

Reign of Terror

The nationalist leader __________ __________ was known as 'The Liberator' and 'The George Washington of South America' for leading independence movements against Spain.

Simón Bolívar

The unification of Germany into the German Empire was achieved under the leadership of __________ __________ __________.

Otto von Bismarck

The __________ __________ in Great Britain involved dividing shared farms into privately owned fields, allowing for more efficient farming practices.

Enclosure Movement

In his book 'The Wealth of Nations,' __________ __________ argued that individuals pursuing self-interest in a competitive market leads to economic prosperity.

Adam Smith

The social theory developed by Karl Marx, also known as __________, advocates for a classless society and criticizes the capitalist system.

Marxism

The __________ __________ __________ occurred between $1845$ and $1852$ when the potato crop failed, leading to mass starvation and emigration to the United States.

Irish Potato Famine

The __________ Rebellion was a violent uprising in China against foreign influence which ultimately resulted in the defeat of the Boxers and increased foreign intervention.

Boxer

The __________ Conference of $1884-1885$ resulted in the 'Scramble for Africa,' where European powers divided the continent with little regard for traditional cultures.

Berlin

The First Opium War ended with the Treaty of __________, which forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain and open five ports for trade.

Nanjing

The long-term causes of World War I are often summarized by the acronym M.A.I.N., which stands for Militarism, Alliances, __________, and Nationalism.

Imperialism

Under Joseph Stalin, the __________ __________ was a campaign of political repression used to eliminate perceived opposition and threats to his power.

Great Purge

The man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine during $1932-1933$, resulting from Stalin's agricultural policies, is known as the __________ __________.

Ukrainian Holodomor

The US foreign policy of __________ aimed to prevent the spread of communism during the Cold War through military, economic, and diplomatic means.

containment

The __________ __________ was a US program that provided financial aid to Western European countries after World War II to support economic recovery and prevent communism.

Marshall Plan

Mikhail Gorbachev's reform for 'openness,' which improved freedom of expression and the press in the Soviet Union, was called __________.

glasnost

The __________ __________ of $1930$ was a nonviolent protest led by Mohandas Gandhi against the British monopoly on salt in India.

Salt March

Following independence in $1947$, the Indian subcontinent was __________ into two separate nations: India and Pakistan.

partitioned

The __________ __________ __________ was Mao Zedong's campaign to remove perceived enemies of communism through the involvement of young Red Guard groups.

Cultural Revolution

After the Chinese Civil War ended in $1949$, Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists fled to the island of __________.

Taiwan

The first president of modern Turkey, __________ __________, implemented sweeping reforms to secularize the government and introduce Western legal systems.

Kemal Atatürk

The __________ __________ refers to the development of high-yielding varieties of crops and improved irrigation that helped feed a growing global population.

Green Revolution

The system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the South African government from $1948$ to $1994$ was called __________.

apartheid

After being imprisoned for $27$ years, __________ __________ was elected as the first black president of South Africa in $1994$.

Nelson Mandela