Anatomy of the Genitourinary System
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84 Terms
Q: What are the main organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Q: What is the main function of the urinary system?
To filter blood and produce urine
Q: What does retroperitoneal mean?
Located behind the peritoneum
Q: What is the peritoneum?
Membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity
Q: What are the kidneys shaped like?
Beans
Q: Where are the kidneys located?
Behind the peritoneum in the flank area
Q: What protects the kidneys with fat?
Perirenal fat
Q: What is the fibrous outer covering of the kidney called?
Renal capsule
Q: What is the indentation where vessels and ureters enter the kidney called?
Hilum
Q: What enters the kidney through the hilum?
Renal artery
Q: What leaves the kidney through the hilum?
Renal vein and ureter
Q: What is the outer portion of the kidney called?
Cortex
Q: What is the inner portion of the kidney called?
Medulla
Q: What are the cone-shaped structures in the medulla called?
Renal pyramids
Q: What are renal columns?
Extensions of cortex between pyramids
Q: What is the tip of the renal pyramid called?
Renal papilla
Q: Where does urine flow after the renal papilla?
Minor calyces
Q: What do minor calyces combine to form?
Major calyces
Q: What do major calyces combine to form?
Renal pelvis
Q: What carries urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder?
Ureter
Q: What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
Q: Approximately how many nephrons are in one kidney?
Over one million
Q: What are nephrons near the medulla called?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Q: What are nephrons mainly in the cortex called?
Cortical nephrons
Q: What are the two main parts of a nephron?
Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Q: What capillary network filters blood in the nephron?
Glomerulus
Q: What surrounds the glomerulus?
Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
Q: What vessel brings blood into the glomerulus?
Afferent arteriole
Q: What vessel carries blood away from the glomerulus?
Efferent arteriole
Q: Where does filtration occur?
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
Q: What is the first part of the renal tubule called?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Q: What structure comes after the proximal convoluted tubule?
Nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
Q: What are the two parts of the nephron loop?
Descending limb and ascending limb
Q: What surrounds the nephron loop?
Vasa recta
Q: What comes after the nephron loop?
Distal convoluted tubule
Q: What structure drains urine from many nephrons?
Collecting duct
Q: What are the three processes of urine formation?
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Q: What is filtration?
Movement of water and small substances from blood into nephron
Q: What substances normally do NOT pass through the filtration membrane?
Blood cells and plasma proteins
Q: What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Amount of filtrate produced each minute
Q: Normal GFR is about how much per minute?
123 mL/min
Q: About how much filtrate is produced daily?
180 liters
Q: About how much urine is produced daily?
1–2 liters
Q: What percentage of filtrate becomes urine?
About 1%
Q: What is reabsorption?
Movement of substances from urine back into blood
Q: What is secretion?
Movement of substances from blood into urine
Q: Where does most reabsorption occur?
Proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Q: What processes are used in tubular reabsorption?
Diffusion, osmosis, active transport, facilitated diffusion
Q: What helps move substances across tubule cells?
Transport proteins
Q: What is active transport?
Movement against concentration gradient using ATP
Q: What is the purpose of tubular secretion?
Remove toxins and waste products
Q: Name substances commonly secreted into urine.
Urea, potassium, ammonia, creatinine, drugs
Q: What is the main function of the nephron loop?
Concentrate urine
Q: Which limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water?
Descending limb
Q: What leaves the descending limb?
Water
Q: What happens to filtrate concentration in the descending limb?
It becomes hypertonic
Q: Which limb actively transports sodium, potassium, and chloride?
Ascending limb
Q: What transporter is in the ascending limb?
NKCC transporter
Q: Is the ascending limb permeable to water?
No
Q: What happens to filtrate in the ascending limb?
It becomes hypotonic
Q: What is isotonic?
Same concentration as body fluids
Q: What is hypertonic?
More concentrated than body fluids
Q: What is hypotonic?
Less concentrated than body fluids
Q: What carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureters
Q: What type of muscle contractions move urine through ureters?
Peristalsis
Q: What is peristalsis?
Wave-like smooth muscle contractions
Q: What stores urine?
Urinary bladder
Q: What carries urine out of the body?
Urethra
Q: What is the trigone?
Triangular area inside the bladder
Q: What type of epithelium lines the bladder?
Transitional epithelium
Q: Why is transitional epithelium important?
Allows stretching of the bladder
Q: What muscle contracts to empty the bladder?
Detrusor muscle
Q: What is micturition?
Urination
Q: What triggers the urge to urinate?
Stretching of the bladder wall
Q: About how much urine in the bladder causes urge to urinate?
About 300 mL
Q: What nervous system stimulates micturition?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Q: What hormone do kidneys release when oxygen is low?
Erythropoietin
Q: What does erythropoietin stimulate?
Red blood cell production
Q: What structure helps regulate blood pressure in the nephron?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Q: What hormone is released by juxtaglomerular cells?
Renin
Q: What vitamin do kidneys activate?
Vitamin D
Q: What is inactive vitamin D called?
Calcifediol
Q: What is active vitamin D called?
Calcitriol