Personality: Cognitive Perspective

originally created by Jillwil on Quizlet. Imported to Knowt.io

One assumption of the cognitive perspective is

a. all decisions are unconscious.

b. all decisions are conscious.

c. most decisions are unconscious, but some are conscious.

d. most decisions are conscious, but some are unconscious.

c. most decisions are unconscious, but some are conscious.

Kelly viewed people as implicit

a. scientists.

b. artists.

c. altruists.

d. All of these answers are correct.

a. scientists.

Aspects of cognitive psychology are strikingly similar to the ideas of

a. Abraham Maslow.

b George Kelly.

c. Carl Rogers.

d. None of these answers are correct.

b George Kelly.

A(n) _________ is a mental organization of information (i.e., a knowledge structure).

a. schema

b. idiograph

c. prime

d. attribution

a. schema

The idealized best member of a category is its

a. object.

b. prototype.

c. schema.

d. fuzzy set.

b. prototype.

The "best member" or "most typical" example of a category is called a

a. central proposition.

b. dispositional attribution.

c. prototype.

d. schema.

c. prototype.

A(n) _________ refers to criteria that are important but not absolutely necessary to define a schema.

a. exemplar

b. fuzzy set

c. prototype

d. None of these answers are correct.

b. fuzzy set

One consequence of the use of a schema is

a. easier coding of new material.

b. improved memory for randomly selected details.

c. improved reading ability.

d. greater intelligence.

a. easier coding of new material.

Schema-based biases

a. are no longer thought to exist.

b. refer to the idea that it's easier to remember shocking information that clashes with our

schemas.

c. can perpetuate themselves.

d. None of these answers are correct.

c. can perpetuate themselves.

When a given schema is activated,

a. people look for information relevant to that schema.

b. another schema can't be activated.

c. people have a more difficult time concentrating.

d. All of these answers are correct.

a. people look for information relevant to that schema.

_________ is memory organized according to meaning, but _________ is memory for events.

a. Semantic; episodic

b. Conceptual; descriptive

c. Semantic; declarative

d. Declarative; semantic

a. Semantic; episodic

_________ are schemas for a class of episodes.

a. Prototypes

b. Episodic traces

c. Scripts

d. Fuzzy sets

c. Scripts

Forming and using categories to represent socially meaningful stimuli is known as

a. episodic memory.

b. social intelligence.

c. procedural knowledge.

d. social cognition.

d. social cognition.

People develop schematic representations of

a. situations.

b. individual people.

c. environments.

d. All of these answers are correct.

d. All of these answers are correct.

A self-schema

a. makes it easier to remember things consistent with it.

b. is small, simple, and efficient.

c. has fewer emotional elements and more intellectual elements than other schemas.

d. All of these answers are correct.

a. makes it easier to remember things consistent with it.

Self-schemas differ from other schemas in that they are

a. smaller and more restricted.

b. simpler.

c. used less frequently.

d. more likely to include emotional elements.

d. more likely to include emotional elements.

People high in self-complexity

a. are more arrogant than those low in self-complexity.

b. have many distinctly different self-aspects.

c. rarely think about themselves.

d. All of these answers are correct.

b. have many distinctly different self-aspects.

Thinking of the self in a contextualized way

a. is very easy to do.

b. is very difficult to do.

c. can exacerbate emotional reactions to failure.

d. can dampen emotional reactions to failure.

d. can dampen emotional reactions to failure.

Possible selves

a. provide goals to work toward or to avoid.

b. do not include who you think you should be.

c. include who you could have become if you made different choices in the past.

d. All of these answers are correct.

a. provide goals to work toward or to avoid.

People with an entity view of ability

a. are unaffected if they do not do well.

b. try to figure out why they have not done well.

c. want to quit if they do not do well.

d. see their actions as extending their ability.

c. want to quit if they do not do well.

Attribution is something that people

a. do only when something is difficult to understand.

b. do only when angry about an event.

c. always do spontaneously and without awareness.

d. do spontaneously and without awareness when alert, but with effort when fatigued.

c. always do spontaneously and without awareness.

The process of judging the cause of an event is called

a. attribution.

b. construal.

c. primary appraisal.

d. secondary appraisal.

a. attribution.

People tend to interpret their own failures as being caused by

a. personality.

b. relatively unstable factors.

c. poor ability.

d. None of these answers are correct.

b. relatively unstable factors.

People are likely to attribute their success to _________ causes.

a. external and stable

b. external and unstable

c. internal and stable

d. internal and unstable

c. internal and stable

Perceiving stable and permanent reasons for one's bad outcomes is thought to lead to

a. false attributions.

b. depression.

c. violence.

d. lower self-complexity.

b. depression.

In the context of memory, a node refers to

a. the quantity of information a person can recall in a given time.

b. a physical structure within the human nervous system.

c. an area of stored information.

d. an area of the brain that is always active.

c. an area of stored information.

When a memory node is activated

a. the information in it appears in consciousness.

b. related nodes become inactive.

c. information in related nodes cannot be brought to consciousness.

d. All of these answers are correct.

a. the information in it appears in consciousness.

In an initial phase of a task, the activation of certain information from memory is known as

a. priming.

b. programming.

c. information action inferences.

d. arbitrary inferences.

a. priming.

According to research by Srull and Wyer, subjects are more likely to perceive hostility in ambiguous behavior if they had previously

a. read words dealing with hostility and aggression.

b. read words dealing with the benefits of "turning the other cheek."

c. been mildly shocked.

d. read a biography of the person doing the behavior.

a. read words dealing with hostility and aggression.

Which of the following is true of how information influences what happens next?

a. The information must be processed consciously to have an influence.

b. The person must know about and want the information to influence what happens next.

c. The information need not reach consciousness to have an influence.

d. The information must be correct to have an influence.

c. The information need not reach consciousness to have an influence.

The metaphor for cognitive processes used by connectionists is based on

a. the nervous system.

b. computers.

c. electrical grids.

d. the entire human body.

a. the nervous system.

The parallel distributed processing approach is also known as

a. neuronal processing.

b. connectionism.

c. constraint satisfaction.

d. All of these answers are correct.

b. connectionism.

Seymour Epstein's cognitive-experiential self-theory assumes there is/are _________ system(s) through which we perceive reality.

a. one

b. two

c. three

d. four

b. two

Metcalfe and Mischel developed a dual process theory that proposes _________ and_________ systems.

a. rational; irrational

b. controlled; uncontrolled

c. hot; cold

d. careful; careless

c. hot; cold

The cognitive perspective explains the process of delaying gratification in terms of

a. ego resiliency.

b. reward structure.

c. people's mental strategies.

d. ego control.

c. people's mental strategies.

Dual-process researchers talk about people having

a. automatic and implicit knowledge.

b. implicit and explicit knowledge.

c. certain and uncertain knowledge.

d. All of these answers are correct.

b. implicit and explicit knowledge.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive view of personality?

a. The approach is very fragmented.

b. The approach concerns specific mental processes that underlie personality.

c. Research in this approach tends to be tightly focused on particular issues.

d. All of these answers are correct.

d. All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following statements about Mischel's notion of competencies is NOT true?

a. Competencies are the skills people develop over their lifetimes.

b. Competencies include social skills.

c. Competencies represent static knowledge.

d. People's competencies are influenced by their experiences.

c. Competencies represent static knowledge.

According to Mischel, knowledge that a particular act typically leads to a particular outcome is termed a:

a. contingency expectancy.

b. behavior-outcome expectancy.

c. reward-expectancy.

d. None of these answers are correct.

b. behavior-outcome expectancy.

To assess the cognitions and emotions that accompany a wide range of naturally occurring events, the best cognitive assessment technique would be

a. think-aloud protocols.

b. retrospective thought listing.

c. experience sampling.

d. reconstructive thought protocols.

c. experience sampling.

Assessment of how often behaviors occur in response to specific situations is called

a. contextualized assessment.

b. situational assessment.

c. cognitive assessment.

d. multi-observation assessment.

a. contextualized assessment.

_________ interfere with behavior by creating a cycle of negativity based on schemas.

a. Arbitrary inferences

b. Automatic thoughts

c. Expectancy judgments

d. Faulty schemas

b. Automatic thoughts

Beck argues that depressed people

a. overgeneralize from negative events.

b. engage in too little automatic thinking.

c. fail to anticipate bad outcomes.

d. All of these answers are correct.

a. overgeneralize from negative events.

According to Beck, depressed individuals engage in cognitive distortions, including

a. overgeneralization.

b. non-arbitrary inferencing.

c. cognitive reframing.

d. All of these answers are correct.

a. overgeneralization.

One goal of cognitive therapy is to

a. encourage clients to free-associate.

b. aid the client in logical decision making.

c. develop more controlled, less automatic, cognitive processing.

d. institute automatic acts that occur without inducing anxiety.

c. develop more controlled, less automatic, cognitive processing.

In Beck's view of therapy, people should

a. discard faulty schemas and build new ones.

b. try to add new preconceptions rather than discarding old ones.

c. engage in more automatic thinking and less controlled thinking.

d. try to reduce the complexity of their self-schemas.

a. discard faulty schemas and build new ones.

Which of the following criticisms has been leveled at the cognitive approach to personality?

a. It has generated very little empirical research.

b. It is an attempt to graft an area of psychology where it does not belong.

c. It is too rooted in Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

d. All of these answers are correct.

b. It is an attempt to graft an area of psychology where it does not belong.