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Neuron
Basic building blocks of the nervous system.
Nerve cells that process and transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals
Sensory neurons
Carry messages from the PNS to the CNS.
Long dendrites and short axons
Relay neuron
Connect the sensory neurons to motor or other relay neurons.
Short dendrites and short axons
Motor neurons
Connect the CNS to effectors like muscles and glands
Short dendrites and long axons
Dendrites
Branch-like structures.
Receive information from other neurons
Sends nerve impulses towards cell body
Cell body
Includes a nucleus which contains the genetic material
Axon
Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
Myelin sheath
Insulates and protects the axon
Helps to speed up electrical transmission along the axon
Schwann cells
Maintains the myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Gaps in the myelin sheath.
Forces the impulse to ‘jump’ across the gaps along the axon
Helps to increase the speed of the electrical impulse
Terminal boutons
Sends impulses to the next neuron across the synapse through the release of neurotransmitters