Ap Modern World History - Unit 4

Chapter 32 1-46 | Chapter 33 47-90 | Chapter 34 91-? | Chapter 35 N/A | Chapter 36 N/A | Chapter 37 N/A

What is the AP World History Timeline?

Postclassical Period (600-1450)
Early Modern Period (1450-1750)
Modern Period (1750-1900)
Contemporary Period (1900-Present)

Who are the first major imperial powers?

- Europe: has control over Africa & South Asia
- United States: has control over Pacific islands & Latin America
- Japan: has control over Asia

What is imperialism?

Phase 3:
- Age of exploration, conquest, & domination (primarily by Europe, United States, & Japan)
- Forms of domination: military & economic force (trade, investments, business creation)
Origins:
- Phase 1: European Long Distance Trade (1000-1500)
- Phase 2: European age of exploration; old imperialism (1500-1800)
- Phase 3: New imperialism (1750-1914)

What is colonialism?

- Process to establish colonies in foreign lands under European control
- Step 1: Send colonists (settlers) to new lands (subject lands)
- Step 2: Conquer/establish European controlled political, social, & economic structures
- Step 3: Establish "control policies" (domestic, foreign)
Step 4: Introduce European business techniques such as capitalism & forms of education

What did many Europeans come to believe in the second half of the nineteenth century?

Imperial expansion and colonial domination are crucial to survival of European states
Similarly to Manifest Destiny

Why did many European merchants and entrepreneurs like Cecil Rhodes argue for their home states to pursue imperialist policies?

Wealth from business opportunities in Africa/Asia

How did industrialization help cause imperialism? (CAUSE)

- Industrialization needed raw materials such as rubber, tin, copper, & petroleum
Effects:
- Established new markets & needed more land because of the increasing European population

What were some of the political motives of imperialism? (CAUSE)

- Needed sea lanes, harbors, & supply stations for the purpose of trade & attempting to limit competition
- "More sea lanes for me, less sea lanes for you."

What did missionaries flock to Africa and Asian islands in search of? (CAUSE)

- Searched for converts to Roman Catholic Christianity (proselytization) or goal of conversion
- Facilitated communication with imperialists & subject peoples to provide Europeans information needed to maintain control of colonies

What is the mission civilisatrice? (CAUSE)

- Translated to "civilising mission", mainly used by French imperialists
- Stated that Christianity was the basis of political order, social status & assimilation into society
- This was used as cultural justification for expansion into Africa & Asia

What is the "White Man's Burden"?

- Poem by English writer Rudyard Kipling
- Argued that it's the duty of White Europeans & Euro-Americans to bring order, Enlightenment, & stability to distant lands of the world, subject people

Where geographically does imperialism grow?

- South Asia AKA India

What was imperialism like in Africa by 1875 C.E.?

- Had limited European presence in Africa
1. Angola's coastal colonies belonged to Portugal
2. Algeria belonged to France
3. South Africa belonged to Great Britain
4. Netherlands established trading posts

After the end of the Atlantic Slave Trade, what kind of commerce developed in Africa?

- Europeans exchanged with Africans for gold, ivory, & palm oil
- In exchange, they received European textiles, guns, & manufactured goods
Effects:
- Europeans got tired of trading

How did the relationship between Africa and Europe dramatically change between 1875 C.E. and 1900 C.E.?

European powers divided and colonized Africa
Economic cause: Industrialization; in need of more raw materials
Political cause: Political competition; increasing nationalist rivalries
Effects: Scramble for Africa
Only Liberia and Ethiopia remained independent

Who is Dr. David Livingston and why is he important? (CAUSE)

- Christian missionary & explorer from Scotland
Mid-19th century:
- Traveled to central/south Africa with the goal to search for missions & establish them
- Gathered information that's later used by European imperialists
Effects:
- European colonization eventually became easier & Livingston was lost in Africa

Who is Henry Morton Stanley and why is he important? (CAUSE)

- Journalist & explorer from United States
Important:
- Led the Africa expedition with the goal to search for Livingston & also gathered information that's later used by European imperialists for easier colonization

Who are Richard Burton and John Speke and why are they important? (CAUSE)

- Explorers from Great Britain
Important:
- Ventured into East Asia with the goal to source the Nile River & compile all geographic information that's later used for easier European colonization

Who is King Leopold II and what was his relationship with Henry Morton Stanley? (EFFECT)

- King of Belgium from 1865 to 1909 C.E.
- Hired Morton Stanley & employed him to develop commercial ventures in Africa
- Stanley established the Congo Free State with free exchange to all Europeans

What were working conditions like in King Leopold's Congo Free State? (EFFECT)

- Rubber tree plantations
- Forced native African labor that had brutal working conditions
1. King Leopold forced Africans to produce rubber
2. Leopold's men burned African tribes & kidnapped women to keep them hostage
3. Those who wouldn't meet excessive production quotas were killed or mutilated
4. Historians estimate that King Leopold II is directly responsible for the deaths of an estimated 4-10 million native African peoples
5. Humanitarian abuse (genocide)

Which genocides have we covered?

Genocides so far:
1. Early Modern Period
- Europeans: invasion of the Americas
2. Modern/Contemporary Period
- Belgium: Congo Free State

What did the Belgian government do in 1908 C.E.? (EFFECT)

- Belgian government takes Leopold out of power & took control of the Congo Free State
- Renamed it to Belgian Congo

What did Egyptian officials do in the 1870s C.E.?

- Egyptian rulers distance themselves from the Ottoman empire
Effects:
- Borrowed money from Europe, landing them in debt
Solution:
- Imposed heavy taxes on their peoples that led to social unrest & military rebellion

What did Great Britain do in Egypt in 1882 C.E.? (EFFECT)

- British army occupied Egypt to protect British financial interests in Egypt & to ensure the safety of the Suez canal

After conquering Egypt, which other region of Africa does Great Britain want to conquer?

- South Africa

What were the two main forms of imperialism in the Pacific?

- Australia + New Zealands were under colonization
- Pacific islands were viewed as commercial opportunities, economic operations, & bases

What happened in 1788 C.E.? (EFFECT)

1770 C.E.:
- Captain James Cook (British explorer) arrived in Australia
Effects:
- He deemed Australia to be suitable for settlement
1788 C.E.:
- A British ship with 1000 convicted settlers landed in Sydney, Australia
Effects:
- Established a new colony named New South Wales

What brought a surge in migration to Australia in 1851 C.E.?

- Discovery of gold

How did European migration impact the aboriginal population of Australia? What is terra-nullius and how did this impact aboriginal Australians? (EFFECT)

- British conquest lead to displacement & brought smallpox/measles to indigenous populations
Effects (population decline):
1800 C.E. - 650,000
1900 C.E.: 90,000
Terra-nullus: British settlers used this term to describe a land that belonged to nobody
Cause:
- Aboriginal peoples were nomadic foragers so they didn't occupy one part of land permanently
Effects:
- Launched brutal campaigns to evict aboriginal peoples from land, displacing most of the population by 1900

How did European migration impact the indigenous Maori peoples of New Zealand? What is the Treaty of Waitangi? (EFFECT)

- British conquest lead to displacement & brought smallpox/measles to indigenous populations
Effects (population decline):
1800 C.E. - 200,000
1900 C.E.: 45,000
- British government encouraged Maori leaders to sign the Treaty of Waitangi to declare New Zealand under "British protection"
Reality of the Treaty (1841 C.E.):
- New Zealand would instead become an official British colony

What are the New Zealand Wars? What is the Maori King Movement? (EFFECT)

Causes:
- Treaty of Waitangi
Conflict - Great Britain vs. Maori, series of wars from 1845-1872:
- Kingttangi (Maori King) movement had the goal of appointing the Maori king for unity & sovereignty
Effects (1900):
- British government won, establishing segregation upon society
- British forced Maori population into poor & rural communities

Why did European natives stake their claims to the Pacific Islands in the late nineteenth century? (EFFECT)

Beginning of 19th century:
- Initially had no desire for colonial rule over Pacific islands
Late 19th century:
- Developed an interest for permanent settlement on the Pacific islands
Cause:
- Scramble for Pacific Islands = Europeans wanted reliable coaling stations for steamships & ports for navies

What happened at the Berlin Conference?

Berlin, Germany (1884):
- 14 European countries attended the conference to decide Africa's regional division peacefully
- No African nations were invited to participate in the division of Africa

At the Berlin Conference, in addition to dividing Africa amongst European powers, what else did European diplomats agree on? (EFFECT)

- Partition of the Pacific
Effects:
- Great Britain, France, Germany, & U.S. claimed almost all Pacific islands
1900: Kingdom of Tonga remained independent

How did the Pacific Islands benefit European powers economically? (EFFECT)

- Agricultural plantations on Fiji & Hawaii, especially for sugarcane
- Natural resources in Samoa & French Polynesia had dried coconut & dried vegetable oil for creation of soap, candles, & lubricants
- Island of New Caedonia had minerals such as nickel
- Small pacific islands had abundant deposits of guano (bird droppings), used for fertilizing

Who are the new imperial powers?

- United States & Japan

What Japanese history should you know so far?

Early Modern to Modern Japan:
- Early Modern Japan: Tokugawa Shogunate rule
- Modern Period: Meiji Restoration, out with the shogunate and in with the emperor
- Developed a constitutional monarchy, having both a prime minister & emperor that ruled
- Diet = legislature/parliament that wrote laws
- Divided into House of Nobles & Lower House

What did Japan do in the Meiji era in order to join the ranks of the major world imperial powers in the late nineteenth century? (CAUSE)

- Rapid industrialization eliminated United States + European unequal treaties
- Established representative government
Cause:
- Demonstrated strength & trustworthiness to Americans & Europeans

Where geographically did Japan begin its imperial expansion? (CAUSE)

East Asian islands, 1870 C.E.:
- Japan gained territory north of mainland Japan, Hokkaido island, & Kurile island to prevent Russia's conquest
1879 C.E.:
- Japan also gained territory south of mainland Japan, Okinawa island, & the Ryuku islands

What did Japan purchase on 1876 C.E.?

- Japan bought modern warships from Great Britain
Effects:
- Growth of Japanese navy & sought its interest on Korea

After dispatching a gunboat expedition to Korea, what did Japanese officials force Korean officials to submit to?

- Japan dispatches gunboat expeditions to Korea
Effects:
- Japanese establish bureaucrats & force Korean leaders to submit to unequal treaties

What broke out in Korea in 1891 C.E.? How did China react? (EFFECT)

- Anti foreign rebellion broke out in Korea
Cause:
- Japan feared Korea would break into anarchy & threaten their business interests with Europeans + Americans
- China sends an army to restore order in Korea & reassert Chinese authority but Japan doesn't want to recognize Chinese authority

What did Japan do in August 1894 C.E.? (EFFECT)

- Japan declares war with China (Sino-Japanese War)
Causes:
- Japan + China competing interests in Korea
Conflict - Japan vs. China's Qing Dynasty (1894-1895):
Effects:
- Japanese navy defeated China in five hours due to strong industrialization, pushing Chinese forces out of Korea
1895 C.E.:
- China & Japan sign a treaty: Japan gains control of Korea & China gave Taiwan, Pescadores islands, & Liaodong Pensinula
- Japan signed unequal treaties with China

Why were tensions brightened between Japan and Russia after the Sino-Japanese War?

- Japan + Russia have similar territory interests such as the Liaodong Peninsula, Korea, & Manchuria
Effects:
- Japan strengthened their navy so they can go to war with Russia

What is the major effect of imperialism? (EFFECT)

- War broke out (Russo-Japanese War)
Causes:
- Sino-Japanese war
- Japanese + Russia's competing territorial interests for Liaodong Peninsula, Korea, & Manchuria
Conflict, Japan vs. Russia (1904-1905):
Effects:
- War ended in 1905 with Japan winning & Russia losing
- Japan gained official authority of Liaodong Peninsula, Korea, & Manchuria
- Russia also gave Japan the southern half of Sakhalin islands & Southern Manchuria for economic/railroad interests

What broke out in 1904 C.E.?

- World War I

What are the causes of World War I?

MAIN:
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

How is a war analyzed?

War = causes, conflicts, effects

What is self-determination?

Peoples of same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals have the right to form their own sovereign states
Causes: Nationalism and independence movements
Belgium independence in 1830
Italy unification in 1861
Germany unification in 1871

By the end of the nineteenth century, where did the issue of nationalism remain unresolved?

- Austria-Hungary, Eastern Europe (leftovers of Hapsburg dynasty)
- Also included the Holy Roman Empire, Balkan Peninsula, Ottoman & Russian empires
Cause:
- Nationalist movements made by subject minorities

What empire controlled the Balkan Peninsula since the fifteenth century? What happened to its control of the peninsula by 1829 C.E.?

The Ottoman Empire
Start to decline by 1829
Territorial losses to Austria-Hungary and Russia
Nationalist revolts by subject peoples in the Balkans

Like the Ottoman empire, what nationalist threats did Austria-Hungary confront? (CAUSE)

- Nationalist threats from slavic peoples (ethnic minorities)
-Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes
Origins:
- Pan Slavanism (19th century movement that stressed ethnic cultural kinship of slav peoples in Eastern/Central Europe with the goal to unite everyone)
- Slavanism was promoted by Russia in occupied lands of Austria-Hungary
Purpose:
- Weaken Austria-Hungary, preparing for Russian annexation
- Sorbs wanted independence from Austria-Hungary

Who had the biggest economic rivalry in Europe? Why? (CAUSE)

- Great Britain vs. Germany
Cause (20th century):
- German industrialization threatened Britain's economic dominance as it was the first to industrialize
Effects: imperial industrialization/domination

Why did an extensive naval race develop between Great Britain and Germany? (CAUSE)

- Naval power allowed for control of trade routes & the sea at times of war
Origins:
- Germany announced a navy growth program which made Britain feel threatened
- Great Britain constructed super battleships named dreadnaughts but Germany responded by doing the same

What major imperial powers stumbled over each other in search of new colonies to bolster their economies? (CAUSE)

- Competition for colonies to improve their economies
Effects: Imperial powers stumbled over each other
- Britain fought Russia over Afghanistan
- France fought Britain over Thailand

Why were German imperial efforts frustrated? (CAUSE)

- Germany was newly unified in 1871 C.E.
Effects:
- Entered imperial race late, becoming frustrated since Great Britain & France already took all available land
- Caused Germany to launch aggressive imperialism for colonies as "Place in the Sun"

What crisis developed over Morocco in 1905? (CAUSE)

- Conflict in Morocco, North Africa between France vs. Germany
Cause:
- Morocco's independence from France as Germany announces their support for Morocco
Effects:
- France threatened to declare war on Germany, however, the conflict was resolved at an international conference in Algeciras, Spain

What happened in the Balkan Peninsula between 1912 C.E. and 1913 C.E.? (CAUSE)

- Balkan crisis = Balkan wars
Conflict: Balkan states (Bulgaria, Greece) vs. Ottoman empire
Cause:
- Wanted possession of European territories held by the Ottomans

What is the final cause of World War I?

- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

How did Europeans react to the outbreak of World War I?

Shock, fear, euphoria (happiness)
Cause:
- Release pressure & solve crises as they initially thought it was a short war but eventually, unhappiness settled

What crushed European expectations of a short and triumphant war?

- War was prolonged
Goal:
- Gradually wear out other side through series of small scale actions
- Belligerent nations were at total war with unrestricted weapons/territories

Who is Gavrilo Princip? What is the Black Hand?

- Serbian nationalist/member of terrorist group (Black Hand)
Goal: Unify all Yugoslovs from the south
Obstacle:
- Slavic unity was hindered from Austria-Hungary's emperor, Archduke Franz Ferdinand

What happened on June 28, 1914 C.E.? (CAUSE)

- Austria-Hungary's Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife, Sophie, was killed by Gavrilo Princip at Sarajevo

What did Austria-Hungary issue on July 23, 1914 C.E.? How did Serbia react? (CAUSE)

Ultimatum:
- Austria-Hungary sent an ultimatum to Serbia, accepting all terms/conditions except one
- It stated that Austrian officials were to take part of Serbian investigation following the assassination (accepted)
- However, they must enter into Serbian territory (declined)
- Serbia believed it would be an infringement on their sovereignty

What happened on July 28, 1914 C.E.? (CAUSE)

Serbia responds to the ultimatum by declining, finding it unsatisfactory with conditions
Effects:
- Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
- Russia mobilized their military & joined Serbia to defend as a trustworthy ally
July 31st:
- Germany offers an ultimatum to Russia to stop their mobilization as they are allies with Austria-Hungary, but refused, saying it was "impossible"
August 1st:
- Germany declared war on Russia
- France sends Germany an ultimatum but Germany declared war on France on August 3rd

Who did Germany invade on August 3, 1914 C.E.? Why was this problematic? (CAUSE)

- Belgian government refused German troops passage
Effects:
- Germany invaded Belgium
- Germany's invasion of Belgium violated an 1839 C.E. treaty, signed by Great Britain regarding Belgian neutrality
- It stated that Germany had to back off from operations

How did Great Britain respond to Germany's attacks by August 4, 1914 C.E? (CAUSE)

- Great Britain sends Germany an ultimatum, demanding to uphold Belgian neutrality but Germany upright refused
Effects:
- Great Britain declared war on Germany

By August 4, 1914 C.E. what did the local conflict that will eventually spiral into World War I become?

Local conflict: Austria-Hungary vs. Serbia grows
Effects:
- Rise of European wars AKA WW1
Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia
vs.
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary

What is a major World War I conflict?

- Armenian Genocide

What factors made World War I different from previous wars?

- War attrition
- Total war

The nature of total war created what two fronts?

- Military front (mobilization & preparation of troops for fighting)
- Home front (mobilization state for the economy & civilians)

As the war continued, who assumed control of the home front in belligerent nations?

- Governments mobilize the economy & private enterprises fell under their control, meaning capitalism is temporarily eliminated
- The government reorganized industries to focus on war production of weapons by setting quotas/priorities

How did governments respond to the increasing demand for soldiers?

- Extended military service through conscription laws (forced military service named drafts)
Ex.
- Germany passed a law that all men between ages 16-60 are required to fight in war
Effects:
- Men leave the home front to the military front
- Increase in demand of workers on the home front

What kinds of jobs did women take on during the war?

- Jobs on the military front behind the battle lines included nurses, doctors, & communication clerks
Causes: Patriotism & good wages
- Women often took over husbands' businesses, worked as postal workers, & majority became factory workers
Effects (positive):
- Freedom/independence & good wages
Effects (negative):
- TNT explosions in factories caused poisoning or death
Wealthy Women:
- Had freedom/independence
Poor Women:
- Didn't have freedom/independence
Cause:
- Some already worked in these factories & were frustrated that they got paid less than men ("equal pay, equal rights")

What did governments do to maintain the spirit of the home front and counter threats to national unity?

Strategy 1: Censorship
- Suppression of civil liberty, freedom of speech, & assembly
Cause:
- Believed it would protect them, providing safety, especially from books, newspaper, & media
Strategy 2: Propaganda campaign
- Biased misleading information to promote a political case through pamphlets, radio, & poster campaigns

What did the propaganda offices of belligerent nations try to convince the public?

- Believed that military defeat would lead to the world's end
Effects:
- Propaganda discarded their enemies, dehumanizing them by portraying enemies as subhuman or savages
- Propaganda also portrayed enemies to committing attrocities
Ex.
- 1917's London newspaper featured Germans to which they converted human corpses into fertilizer & food

Who is Joseph Caillaux and why is he important?

- Former prime minister of France
Important:
- Jailed & waited two years for his own trial
Cause:
- Caillaux publicly suggested that it was in France's best interest to make peace with Germany
*A sign that patriotism and nationalism in WWI

What factors will bring about the end of World War I?

World War 1 Ends =
1. Armistice (guns down, surrendering)
2. 1919 Paris Peace Conference
3. Five treaties
- Treaty of Versailles

How does World War I come to an end?

1917:
1. The U.S. joined the Allied Powers
- Helped the Allied Powers to defeat the majority of the Central Powers in Europe
- After those defeats, many Central Powers exit the war
- The last Central Power standing was Germany
2. Germany contacted France to work out a deal to end WW1
- Germany signed an armistice & surrendered
- Central Powers lost WW1, Allied Powers won
3. A treaty is needed to officially end WW1
- 1919's Paris Peace Conference; held in Versailles, France
Purpose: Unite treaties to officially end WW1
1. Treaty of Versailles (limited German troops, navies, and air forces; prohibited Germany and Austria to enter into a union; defeated powers had to pay war reparations to the Allies)
2. Treaty of Saint Germaine (Created Republic of Austria)
3. Treaty of Triannon (Created Kingdom of Hungary)
4. Treaty of Neuilly (Bulgaria ceded small portions of territory)
5. Treaty of Sevres (Dissolved the Ottoman Empire in 1920)
6. Treaty of Lausanne (1923; Allied Powers recognized the Republic of Turkey)

What happened in Russia in the spring of 1917 C.E.?

Problems:
- Disintegrating armies
Cause: Mutiny & food shortages
Effects:
- Street demonstrations & strikes
- Russian troops were garrisoned (stationed in one place) at Russia's capital of Petrograd (modern-day St. Petersburg) to protest

Police force unable to suppress uprisings in St. Petersburg

How did Tsar Nicholas II react to the events of Russia in the spring of 1917 C.E.?

- Abdicated his throne
Effects:
- Monarchy eliminated Russia & the Romanov dynasty also disappeared alongside it
- Known as the 1917's March Revolution

After the March Revolution, political power in Russia shifted to what two new agencies?

1. The Provisional government (emergency, temporary government system)
2. The Petrograd Soviet of Workers And Soldiers' Deputies (Soviets)
- Revolutionary councils were organized by socialists
- The most powerful Soviet was the Petrograd Soviet
March to November 1917:
- Political struggle between the Provisional government & the Petrograd Soviet

At first, what did the provisional government do to attain public support? What did the provisional government fail to do?

- Attained public support to disband the Tsar police & repeal limitations of freedom of speech to the press
- Abolished those discriminate against ethnic/religious groups
- Failed to satisfy popular demands to end Russia's involvement in WW1 & land reform
Cause:
- Since it was a temporary government, they couldn't confiscate land nor distribute it

Who is Vladimir Ilyich Lenin? What did Lenin spend many years abroad doing?

- Russian revolutionary/Marxist (Followed political + economic interests of Marx & Engels)
- Later gained followers, forming the basis of communism
1887 C.E:
- Police arrested & hung Lenin's brother for plotting an assassination on the current Tsar
Effects:
- Lenin was exiled to Switzerland, studying Marx & Engels' beliefs

What do Marx and Angels argue in the Communist Manifesto?

- Argued that there were two social classes: Bourgeoise (capitalists) & Proletariat (working class)
- Argued that capitalists are in competition for profit, leading to exploitation of workers
- Formed the Dictatorship of the Proletariat

How did Marx and Lenin differ in their view of the industrial working class?

- Lenin believed that the industrial working class are incapable of revolutionary consciousness
Cause:
- Feels that the working class aren't prepared for political action
Effects:
- They were in need of a political party to establish political action & a leader (Lenin)

What did Lenin head and what did he begin to advocate by April 1917 C.E.?

- Lenin became head of the Bolsheviks (radical wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party)
- Argued that legal authority of Russia should belong to the Soviets

What did the Bolsheviks eventually gain control of?

- Petrograd Soviet gained popularity
Cause:
- The Provisional government hasn't pulled Russia out of war, was unable to feed the people, & couldn't enact land reform
Effects (September 1917):
- Lenin persuades Bolsheviks to organized an arm insurrection to seize power of the Provisional government

= October Revolution
Workers began to argue that problems can only be solved by Soviets
Causes:
Provisional government could not feed people, end war, or conduct land reforms

What happened on November 6th and November 7th 1917 C.E.?

November 6th:
- Petrograd Soviet & Lenin + supporters were armed, storming the winter palace which was home to the Provisional government
November 7th:
- The Provisional government was no longer in power & Lenin + Bolsheviks were now in rule
- Known as the November Revolution of 1917

What did Bolshevik rulers do on March 3, 1918 C.E.?

- Planned to end Russia's involvement in WW1
- Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany which led to gaining control of some Russian territory

-Gave Germany Baltic states, Caucasus, Finland, Poland, and Ukraine = 25% of Russian population
Short term = Harsh and humiliating
Long term = Allowed Russia's new government to deal with internal issues
Effects: Germany concentrated efforts on Western Front