ARE 5.O PA

Zoning

uniform standards of construction originating in NYC in 1916 to protect the health, welfare and safety of people.

How do you find interior layout efficiency:

net assignable area(programmable area)/ usable (gross) area

Characteristics of silt

good water holding capacity
often used as soil amendment to improve drainage and aeration
Is less stable than sand and may erode over time

Incentive Zoning

encourages private developers to provide amenities for public use in exchange for opportunity to build larger or taller structures on a site.

When given interior layout and base building efficiency, how do you find overall building efficiency

interior layout x base building efficiency = overall building efficiency

net assignable area(Usable floor space)/ building gross area = overall building efficiency

Nonconforming Use

building is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance. Typically allowed to stay unless it’s unsafe.

Out of High pressure sodium, metal halide, fluorescent, and LED, which have the least expensive upfront cost

1,3,2,4

Out of High pressure sodium, metal halide, fluorescent, and LED which have the longest lifespan

4,1,3,2

Conditional Use

A building that is permitted in an area that it is not zoned for, to benefit

the public

Easements

legal right of government or another land owner to use one’s property for a specific purpose

Scenic Easement

Prevents development that upsets something scenic to the public

Business Improvement Districts

used to fund public space improvements (new streetscapes/graffiti removal) with the intention that it will enhance an area’s appeal. All business owners in district who would benefit pay increased taxes.

Deed Restrictions

place limitations on the use of the property, typically by original developers, who determined what land would be used for (live, work, or play) and can’t be changed by future owners.

Restrictive Covenant

limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. Can be aesthetic, pet control, or storage related

Affirmative Covenant

commits a buyer to performing duties in the future

Conditional Covenant

If restriction is violated or disregarded, the land will revert back to original owners/heirs.

Total Building Group

all of the buildings in a complex, group or masterplan

Component Building

an individual building in the group

Activity Center

Space related to each other by function

Space Unit

each individual space within a center

Space/Site Planning Considerations

1. Relationship between site/structure, Create a relationship between the interior and exterior

2. Response to site conditions

3. Express and serve its purpose economically and thoughtfully

4. Utilize technologies and materials appropriately

5. Create a hierarchy of parts that is interesting to look at

6. Express human spirit and encourage human interaction

Proportion

relationship between parts that provides harmonious order

Local Road

low capacity roads with direct access to a site

Collector Road

connection roads between local and arterial streets

Arterial Road

wide high capacity streets usually connecting to expressways

Slope Categorization per percentage : 0- 4%

flat area - good for all activities

Slope Categorization per percentage : 4%-10%

Moderate

Slope Categorization per percentage : 10- 50%

Steep / Unstable

Slope Categorization per percentage : 50%+

Very steep, likely unusable, prone to erosion

Storm Drain’s must maintain a minimum slope of:

0.3% Minimum

Sanitary Sewer’s must maintain a slope of:

0.4% - 1.4%

Street Surface Drainage must maintain a minimum slope of

0.5% minimum

Planted or large pavers must maintain a minimum slope of

1% minimum

Lawns should not exceed a slope of

25%

Planted Banks should not exceed a slope of

50%

Parking areas/lots should not exceed a slope of

5%

Automobile ramps should not exceed slopes of

8%

Sidewalks, streets and pavers should not exceed a slope of

10%

Characteristics of loose or wet clay/wet silt

Do not use when wet or Must be removed from site
Wet clay is too plastic (malleable) for stable foundation
soil will lay at 30% max slope without sliding

Characteristics of compact dry clay/ dry silt

Must be removed as dry clay is too stiff to lay foundation
with dry clay soil will lay at 100% max slope without sliding
Silt is stable when dry, but swells when frozen

Characteristics of sand

silt

Characteristics of dry sand

soil will lay at 65% max slope without sliding

Gross Area

Total Enclosed Floor area (circulation spaces and utility rooms included) multiplied by the number of floors (if applicable)

Net Area

Total usable area, the total area of spaces accessible to the general public and tenants

Functional Programmed Space noly

Floor Area Ratio

Gross Area (Area of total enclosed building footprint) / total site area

T or F: Penthouses, fan rooms, and skylights are sometimes allowed to exceed height

restrictions

True

At intersections with more than ___ cars per hour, a traffic light is required

750

At intersection with more than ___ cars per hour, grade separation is required

3,000

In street design it is crucial you avoid:

intersections that are slightly offset and intersection where the angle of roads is less than 80°

Standard Dimensions for a Cul-de-sac:

400‘ max w/ 80‘ turn around

Typical width of a 2 lane highway

40’-0” - 42’-0”

Typical street width

11’-0” - 12’-0”

Heavy traffic streets require a 6”

6” concrete curb and gutter

Minor streets require a

4” roll curb or gravel

Landscape strips w/ trees should be ___ ‘ in width and ___’ in width without

7’ w/ trees 4’ w/ no trees

When a turning radius is placed for small/standard cars it must be ____ ‘ in length:

16' - 19’;19’ - 23

When a turning radius is placed for large cars it must be ____ ‘ in length:

23’-25’

When a turning radius is placed for ambulances cars it must be ____ ‘ in length:

25’- 30’

When a turning radius is placed for buses/trucks it must be ____ ‘ in length:

43’ - 50’

Standard parking space dimensions:

9’ wide x 18’/20’ in length

Standard ADA parking space dimensions:

8’ width w/ 5’ access alley (8’ for Vans), access alley can be shared between neighboring ADA spaces

T or F : The number of accessible parking spaces is determined by the total number of spaces provided

True

When planning parking you should allow ___ SF per 1 car for parking and circulation

400sf per 1 car

For every 1,000 SF of a shopping center, you should allow ___ - ___ sf of parking lot

3000 - 4000 SF

Circulation aisles within parking lots should be ___ ‘ wide

12‘ wide

T or F: When calculating double aisle parking lots you should add 6’ to parking space depth to account for aisle and multiply by 2 for total length of 2 spaces + shared aisle

True

What is the most efficient parking orientation

90 degrees; can fit 11 cars per 100 lineal feet of curb

What is the least efficient parking orientation

30 degrees; can only fit 5 cars per 100 lineal feet of curb

In multiple story parking structures, ramps should have a max slope of ___ , with ___’ transitions

15% slope with a 8’ long transition

For a south facing site ______ and/or _____ can be used to block the sun

overhang and/or deciduous trees

When designing on a hill ____ placement is best to avoid extreme winds colder airs

midway

From most to least expensive, order the types of parking areas

Outdoor parking, Parking structure, Underground Parking

What are the primary concerns to be addressed for site design:

• Pedestrian and vehicular circulation/transportation network

• The disposal of runoff and the effects of surface drainage

• Landscaping

• Access to services and public facilities

• Natural and artificial lighting

• Site access for emergency vehicles

• Security

• Subsurface conditions and topography (including fluctuating water tables, heaving, and soil stability)

The preservation in the historical preservation of a building consist of:

The least amount of work done to the building and any interventions are as inconspicuous as possible

The rehabilitation of historical preservation of a building consist of:

retaining and repairing historic materials. Some replacement of damaged material is ok, as are additions that convey historic values

The restoration of a historical preservation of a building consist of:

remove inconsistent features and replace missing features in accordance with/speak the same language as the restoration period

To make new again

The reconstruction of a historical preservation of a building consist of:

New construction to look like how something existed at an earlier time.

In historical preservation, the common principal is:

Protection, maintenance, and repair are emphasized while replacement is minimized

T or F: When working on specialty projects, you should always partner with consultants that are experienced in that specialty

True

What are the Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation

• Allow for new additions/alterations to be different from the older structure, but must be complementary in massing, size, scale, and architectural features

• Criteria must be met if Federal Tax Credits will be used

• Takes precedence over state/local regulations

• Clients may discover historical significance during site analysis. Archaeological activity and proper handling of structures/artifacts must take place

In Kevin Lynch’s The Image of the City a path is:

a street, sidewalk, or a trail that people travel on

In Kevin Lynch’s The Image of the City edges are:

perceived boundaries like walls, buildings, shorelines

In Kevin Lynch’s The Image of the City districts are:

city sections distinguished by some identity/ character

In Kevin Lynch’s The Image of the City nodes are:

focal points, intersections

What is a catchment area

geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn. It grows and shrinks with the activity. These zones determine user access based on distance

What is a Proctor Compaction Test

Geotechnical tests to determine the optimum moisture content, maximum achievable, density of soils and aggregates.

A Percolation test ___________________ and is used to test suitably of soil for a leachfield.

the rate at which soil absorbs effluent.

What are metes and Bounds

a verbal description of land that begins at a known point and describes the bearing and length of each side of the property

What is a guide meridian:

meridians between the principal meridians

Contours in a topography pointing “down” toward the lower elevation represent a:

Crown/Ridge

Contours in a topography pointing “up” towards the higher elevation represent a:

Swale/Valley

What is the frost line:

the max depth at which soil will freeze. Below, the soil stays warmer than freezing

T or F: A swamp is a wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water

True

What is an an elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is usually vegetated and is normally without flowing water.

A swale

What is a detention pond/basin

Low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location.

What is a retention pond/basin

An area designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely.

What is sheet flow

It is water that flows across paved surfaces

An aquifer is:

an underground layer of water-bearing, permeable rock, gravel, sand, or silt that stores and transmits groundwater

T or F: A weir is an embankment, levee or dam

True

T or F: Albedo is how much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface:

True - 0 is a flat black surface which absorbs all heat and 1 is a mirror
Low albedo has high absorption, high albedo has high reflectivity