Chapter 30 Plant Form and Physiology

Cortland Bio 111 Rena Janke

What are three structures/organelles that plant cells have that animal cells lack?

Cell Walls, Guard Cells, Central Vacuole

Distinguish between meristematic and permanent plant tissues.

Meristematic tissues are found more likely on the physical appearance as they are found in roots, stems, and leaves. While Permanent Tissue are found more in the inner of the plants Vascular, Dermal, Ground tissue

What are the most common cells in plants? What is their function?

Parenchyma; Completes photosynthesis, repairs healing wounds, stores starch

Distinguish between primary and secondary growth in plants

Primary: Apical meristem Epical dominances, Elongation of the stem. Secondary: Lateral meristem; increase thickness

What is Apical dominance? How does it contribute to the overall shape of a plant? What happens to a plant if the apical bud is removed?

When the main stem grows more than the side stem, It elongates the stem, Removing the apical bud will make the plant only grow wider rather than taller

How is secondary growth in a plant related to lateral meristerms?

Secondary growth will grow the lateral meristems by making side roots girthier thicker

The alteration in formation of “spring wood” and autumn wood” during a growing season gives rise to annual rings in the woody “stems” of trees. What are two things you can learn about a tree by examing its annual rings?

How old the tree is and when the growth of the rings occur

Stems in some plants are modified to adapt to a particular environment. Describe the following stem modifications and give an example of each modification. Rhizone, corm, stolon, runner, tuber, and bulb.

Bulb: visible layers/ modified leaves, Rhizone: horizontal underground stems that store food and help spread plant, Corm: no visible layers, Stolon: above ground stems that extend and form new plants, Tuber: stores nutrients helps asexual reproduction, Runner: sub aerial stem

Distinguish between Tap Roots and Fibrous Roots

Tap Roots: one giant central root, Fibrous Roots: ,many thin roots spreading in web like structure

What are three functions of roots

Anchor the plant, Store food, Transport nutrients and water, Vegetative Reproduciton

How does the venation pattern in monocots differ from diocots?

Monocots: One  cotyledon, Fibrous Roots, Scattered Vascular, Parallel Veins for Leaves, Multiples of 3 flowers

Diocots: Two cotyledons, Tap roots, Ringer Vascular, Net like veins, Flowers of 4 or 5

Unlike animals, plants are not able to change their location in response to environmental factors. Define the following sensory mechanisms used by plants to respond to changes in their environment? Phototropism, Gravitropism, Thigmotropism

Phototropism: Plants Response to light, Produces Photons of Energy, Gravitropism: Response to Gravity Statliths- with starch granules, Thigmotropism: Response to mechanical pressure eg wind or touch

Explain the function of five major plant hormones: Auxin, cytokinin, Gibberllins, absistic acid, ethylene.

Auxin: Growth hormone, promotes cell elongation, Cytokinin: Promotes cell division, delays senescence in leaves, Gibberllins: Stimulates shoot elongation, break seed dormancy, Absistic Acid: Promotes synthesis for proteins, Accumalates in response to stressful conditions, inhibits stem elongation, Ethylene: Promotes fruit ripening, Stimulates conversion of scratch and acids to sugars.

What is an epiphyte? Give at least three examples.

A plant that grows off of another plant, examples include Orchids, Spanish Moss, and Staghorn Ferns

Distinguish between the following leaf arrangements on the stem: alternate, opposite, and spiral.

Alternate Leaves: appear in staggered pattern one leaf per node, Opposite Leaves: In pairs two leaves arising from same node on opposite sides, Spiral Leaves: Clockwise or counterclockwise spiral around the stem.

Distinguish between the following leaf forms: simple, palmately compound, pinnately compound

Simple: One undivided blade attached to stem, Palmately compound: divided into multiple seperate leaflets, Pinnately Compound: leaflets arranged along center axis called the rachis

Describe the Leaf adaptations found in plants in cold versus hot environments. What leaf adaptations are found in aquatic plants?

Warmer environments will have thicker and longer leaves, cold environments will have small needle like leaves. Leaf adaptations in aquatic plants include being thin, floating or mass aerenchyma to stay afloat.

What is the adaptive advantage of broad plant leaves?

Maximizing energy production where light and/or can be limited, increase photosynthesis, and enhanced gas exchange

Describe three adaptations that enable plants to grow in wet areas where the plant roots are submerged in water

Aerenchyma the tissue keeps the plants afloat, Pneumatophores are aerial roots that keep the plant firmly there, Shallow or Adventitious Roots to keep a firm placement system for the plants

Describe the adaptations of the Venus flytrap and the pitcher plant, both of which live in nutrient-poor environments

Both plants adapted into becoming carnivores as they use specialized leaves to trap insects and kill them when they will be able to digest them.