CHEMICALS, COMPOUNDS, MOLECULES, AND ELEMENTS

IL-1

What endogenous pyrogen is elicited by pathogens to increase the hypothalamic set point for fever?

IL-6

What endogenous pyrogen is elicited by pathogens, is released by dendritic cells upon beta-1,3-glucan engagement, and contributes to the pro-inflammatory cascade in mucormycosis?

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

What endogenous pyrogen is released in large amounts by polyclonal T-cell proliferation caused by superantigens, helps increase the hypothalamic set point for fever, and is released upon TLR2 recognition of Mucormycotina hyphal components?

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)

What is an example of an endogenous pyrogen that elicits fever?

Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha)

What endogenous pyrogen is elicited by pathogens, leading to fever?

neuropeptides

What substance is speculated to function as a central antipyretic, mediating the natural thermal ceiling of fever in the pre-antibiotic era?

norepinephrine

What substance is released by the hypothalamus to preserve and produce heat by increasing heat production in brown adipose tissue and inducing vasoconstriction?

Acetylcholine

What substance stimulates the muscles to shiver, converting stored chemical energy into heat?

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

What major fever inducer is synthesized in the hypothalamus and acts on thermoregulatory neurons to raise the body’s temperature set-point?

Bacterial Virulence Factors, Structural Components, and Toxins
calcium

What element enters the cell via membrane pores formed by S. aureus alpha-toxin, causing cell death and damage?

desmoglein 1

What molecule is cleaved by S. aureus Exfoliative A and B Toxins, leading to keratinocyte detachment?

high-molecular weight glucans

What substance is secreted by S. mutans, leading to bacterial aggregation and plaque formation in dental caries?

ADP-ribose

What molecule's transfer inhibits Elongation Factor-2, blocking host cell protein synthesis due to Diphtheria's Phage-encoded A-B toxin?

Actin

What cellular material's polymerization is induced by the Listeria surface protein Act A to propel the bacteria into adjacent uninfected cells?

Polyglutamyl capsule

What protein structure helps Bacillus anthracis avoid the human immune system, serving as an antiphagocytic factor?

calmodulin

What molecule does Edema Factor (EF) bind along with calcium to form an adenylate cyclase?

ATP

What substance is converted to cAMP by Edema Factor's adenylate cyclase, altering cell function?

cAMP

What substance is produced from ATP by the Anthrax Edema Factor and the B. pertussis Toxic Adenylate Cyclase, altering cell function and inhibiting phagocytosis, respectively?

guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins)

What proteins are inactivated by the A unit of Pertussis Toxin via ADP-ribosylation?

Alginate

What mucoid exopolysaccharide forms a biofilm in P. aeruginosa, protecting the bacteria from immune components and antibiotics?

Yops (YopE, YopH, YopT)

What bacterial proteins, injected by Yop virulon, block phagocytosis by inactivating the polymerization of this protein?

mycolic acids

What specific glycolipids and lipids are responsible for the waxy cell wall structure of mycobacteria?

nitric oxide derivatives

What bactericidal molecules, whose production is stimulated by TNF and IFN-gamma, help in the immune response against Rickettsia?

antimicrobial peptides (defensins)

What molecules' mobilization is stimulated by Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) against bacteria?

cardiolipin

What host tissue antigen do nontreponemal syphilis tests (RPR, VDRL) test for specific antibodies against?

lipoproteins (bacterial)

What molecules in Borrelia burgdorferi bind to TLR2 on macrophages, initiating immune damage in Lyme disease?

reactive nitrogen intermediates

What bactericidal free radicals are generated due to the release of TNF in Lyme disease pathogenesis?

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

What inhibitory neurotransmitter's release is blocked by C. tetani toxins, causing spastic paralysis?

gangliosides

What molecules on motor neurons are bound by the C. botulinum neurotoxin?

acetylcholine

What neurotransmitter's synaptic release is prevented by C. botulinum neurotoxin, resulting in flaccid paralysis?

urease

What enzyme produced by K. pneumoniae dissociates urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia, contributing to staghorn calculi formation?

urea

What substance is normally present in urine and converted by Klebsiella's urease into ammonia and carbon dioxide?

carbon dioxide (CO2)

What compound, along with ammonia, is produced when Klebsiella's urease dissociates urea?

ammonia (NH3)

What compound is produced when Klebsiella's urease dissociates urea, which then combines with H+ to form ammonium?

ammonium (NH4)

What ion is formed when ammonia combines with H+ and increases urine pH in Klebsiella infections?

phosphate (PO4)

What substance precipitates in alkaline urine promoted by ammonium in Klebsiella infections, forming struvite stones?

calcium (Ca)

What element precipitates in alkaline urine promoted by ammonium in Klebsiella infections, forming struvite stones?

magnesium (Mg)

What element precipitates in alkaline urine promoted by ammonium in Klebsiella infections, forming struvite stones?

struvite stones

What crystalline material, composed of phosphate, calcium, and magnesium combined with ammonium, forms staghorn renal calculi in Klebsiella infections?

lactose

What carbohydrate do Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and E. coli ferment, leading to pink colonies on MacConkey agar?

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

What component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria like K. pneumoniae allows the bacteria to avoid complement-mediated killing by inhibiting the formation of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)?

siderophore

What small, high-affinity iron chelating compound snatches iron from host cells for K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa to thrive and replicate?

pyocyanin

What blue pigment, released by P. aeruginosa, generates reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative damage and cell death, and is associated with a sweet fruity, grape-like smell?

pyoverdine

What green compound is an iron-chelator released by P. aeruginosa that binds to and transports iron needed by the bacterium?

hydrogen peroxide

What reactive oxygen species is produced by pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa?

DNA gyrase

What bacterial molecule's mutation causes Quinolone resistance?

Topoisomerase

What bacterial molecule's mutation causes Quinolone resistance?

Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)

What substance is transformed into dihydropteroic acid using dihydropteroate synthase during folic acid synthesis, and is competed with by Sulfonamide?

dihydrofolate reductase

What enzyme is inhibited by Trimethoprim to prevent the production of tetrahydrofolic acid, and is inhibited less efficiently in Trimethoprim-resistant bacteria?

tetrahydrofolic acid

What active form of folic acid is essential for DNA synthesis and enhances erythropoiesis?

folic acid

What substance, important for DNA synthesis and erythropoiesis, is reduced in production when Sulfonamide competes with PABA?

zinc

What element is required by New Delhi Metallo beta-Lactamase (NDM1) for catalysis?

heavy metals

What environmental substances are needed along with zinc for the catalysis of New Delhi Metallo beta-Lactamase (NDM1)?

Alanine

What substance in the cell wall precursor of VRE is converted to D-lactose to prevent Vancomycin attachment?

D-lactose

What molecule replaces alanine in the cell wall precursor of VRE, enabling crosslinking and conferring resistance?

serine

What amino acid residue in the active site of PBP is bound by Penicillin to disable crosslinking?

calcium

What is an important element involved in the phagosomal manipulation mechanism of M. tuberculosis that inhibits phagolysosome maturation?

Brincidofovir (CMX001 or Tembexa)

What drug is a prodrug of cidofovir, inhibits DNA polymerase, and is approved by the FDA for the treatment of human smallpox disease?

Tecovirimat (TPOXX)

What drug is a potent inhibitor of an orthopoxvirus protein required for the formation of an infectious virus particle, used in Mpox treatment?

Chlorhexidine

What antiseptic is used to prepare the insertion site for central venous catheters and is controversial for regular oropharynx decontamination in VAP prevention?

chlorhexidine mouthwash

What oral antiseptic can be used to manage pain from oral lesions in Mpox?

Petroleum jelly

What substance is used for wound care on crusts as part of supportive care for Mpox?

paracetamol

What analgesic may be used for pain from proctitis and genital lesions in Mpox?

benzocaine/lidocaine gels

What topical anesthetics can be used for temporary relief of oral lesions in Mpox, especially to facilitate eating and drinking?

dibucaine cream

What topical anesthetic can be used for pain from proctitis and genital lesions in Mpox?

Antipyretics

What fever-reducing medications (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen) work by suppressing PGE2 synthesis?

chloramphenicol

What antibiotic is altered by Acetyl transferase, leading to bacterial resistance?

beta-lactams

What class of antibiotics is countered by the enzyme beta-lactamase, which is found between the cell wall and cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria?

Penicillins

What beta-lactam antibiotic is sensitive to beta-lactamase?

Cephalosporins

What beta-lactam antibiotic's activity on microbes depends on the generation?

Carbapenems

What beta-lactam antibiotic is highly effective and must be used carefully to prevent antimicrobial resistance?

Monobactams

What beta-lactam antibiotic is exemplified by Aztreonam?

Methicillin

What beta-lactam drug is beta-lactamase resistant?

Nafcillin

What beta-lactam drug is beta-lactamase resistant?

Oxacillin

What beta-lactam drug is beta-lactamase resistant?

Vancomycin

What drug targets the cell wall precursor in bacteria and can still be used to eradicate MRSA?

Bacitracin

What drug targets the bacterial cell wall?

Polymyxins

What drug targets the bacterial cell membrane and cannot be pumped out by MDR efflux pumps?

Cotrimoxazole (TMP/SMX)

What drug, made of Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim, targets folate synthesis and is effective against H. influenzae and other Gram-negative bacteria?

Sulfonamide

What component of Cotrimoxazole competes with PABA to reduce the production of folic acid?

Trimethoprim

What component of Cotrimoxazole inhibits dihydrofolate reductase to prevent the production of tetrahydrofolic acid?

Quinolones

What drugs, characterized by "flox" in their name (e.g., Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin), target DNA gyrase and are used to treat UTI?

Rifampin (Rifampicin)

What drug targets RNA Polymerase and is used for M. tuberculosis?

RNA Polymerase

What enzyme is targeted by Rifampin (Rifampicin)?

Chloramphenicol

What antibiotic targets the 50s ribosomal subunit?

Macrolides

What class of antibiotics, including Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, and Azithromycin, targets the 50s ribosomal subunit?

Linezolid

What antibiotic targets the 50s ribosomal subunit and is resisted by bacteria with altered 50s subunits?

Lincosamides (Clindamycin)

What antibiotic targets the 50s ribosomal subunit?

Streptogramins

What antibiotic targets the 50s ribosomal subunit?

Aminoglycosides

What antibiotic targets the 30s ribosomal subunit and is resisted by bacteria with modifying enzymes?

Tetracycline

What antibiotic targets the 30s ribosomal subunit and is resisted by bacteria via efflux pumps or decreased uptake?

Penicillin

What cell wall active drug, when added to Aminoglycoside (Ampi-Genta), helps overcome natural resistance of Streptococcus species?

Clavulanic acid

What substance, along with Sulbactam and Tazobactam, acts as an inhibitor of beta-lactamases?

Colistin

What antibiotic is the drug of choice for multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter and is sometimes used in multi-drug approaches against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae?

Tigecycline

What drug can be used in the treatment of Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella strains?

Fosfomycin

What drug can be used in the treatment of Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella strains?

Isoniazid

What drug requires Catalase-peroxidase to kill M. tuberculosis?

Ethambutol

What drug requires Arabinosyl transferase to affect the cell wall of M. tuberculosis?

Pyrazinamide (PZA)

What drug requires Amidase to be turned into its active form?

Ethanol

What alcohol is commonly used as an antiseptic?