shock cp1

arterial blood pressure is caused by

pressure exerted by the blood

arterial blood pressure is a product of

cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance

cardiac output def

total volume pumped by a heart per minute; dependent on stroke volume and HR

stroke volume def

the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle due to contractions

systemic vascular resistance def

dependent on peripheral vascular tone and viscosity of blood

peripheral vascular tone def

vasoconstriction or dilation

systolic blood pressure def

pressure exerted by blood in an artery as result of left ventricle contraction

diastolic blood pressure def

pressure exerted when the left ventricle is at rest

normal blood pressure

120-80 mm/Hg

hypotension could be…

anesthesia, cardiac disease, anemia, shock

hypotensive systolic pressure below 80 mm/Hg

intervene to increase BP; should be okay

hypotensive systolic pressure below 60 mm/Hg

poor blood circulation in kidney, critical condition

hypotensive systolic pressure below 50 mm/Hg

circulation to brain is compromised

hypertension could be…

shock, fever, exercise, obesity

cardiac output formula

heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

microcirculation

6-7% of capillaries perfused with blood at any given time; 90% of total blood vessels

central circulation

heart, arteries, vein

cardiogenic shock

shock due to heart; cardiac malfunction

hypovolemic shock

shock due to low blood volume; due to hemorrhage or hemolysis

distributive shock

maldistribution; blood goes away from central circulation and toward microcirculation

sepsis def

infection in blood that effects organs

shock progression

cellular death, tissue death, organ failure, death

initial response of shock

peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia, fluid conservation, decreased urine production

stages of shock

early compensatory, compensatory, early decompensatory, decompensatory

distributive shock

vasodilation, initial strong pulse, hyperemic gums, fast CRT, hyperthermia

total volume fluid to rehydrate patient formula

% of dehydration in decimal form x weight in kg x 1000

5-7% dehydration signs

dry mucus membranes, loss of skin elasticity

8-10% dehydration signs

dry mm, tenting of skin, high HR/RR, sunken eyes

> 10% dehydration signs

dry mm, tenting skin, high HR/RR, sunken eyes, changes to mentation, pulse weak

sensible losses

urination

insensible losses

feces, respiration, sweating

normal fluid loss for adults

60 mL/kg/day

normal fluid loss for peds

100 mL/kg/day

total volume of fluids to correct ongoing losses

estimate fluid loss in vomit and diarrhea, then double

contemporary losses def

ongoing loss of fluid

standard macrodrip IV normals

10-15 gtt/mL

microdrip IV normals

60 gtt/mL

fluid or volume overload clinical signs

restlessness, hyperpnea, watery nasal discharge, chemosis, pitting edema

chemosis def

watery eyes

pitting edema def

fluid accumulation in tissue

fluid overload can cause

kidney and heart failure

shock dose formula in dogs

weight in lb plus one 0

shock dose formula in cats

weight in kg plus one 0

anemia clinical signs

poor pulse, lethargic, weak, no appetite

whole blood transfusion

severe bleeding, coagulation issues, severe anemia, severe hypoproteinemia

bank/stored blood transfusions

anemia, hypoproteinemia

packed RBCs transfusion

supplies RBCs only; anemic patients that aren’t hypovolemic

fresh plasma transfusion

plasma proteins and clotting factors

frozen plasma transfusion

plasma proteins only

blood transfusion needed if these signs are shown

tachycardia, tachypnea, poor pulse, lethargic, weak, decreased appetite

DEA 1.1 def

highly immunogenic blood type

cat blood type A

95% domestic cats, highly immunogenic

cat blood type B

fancy cat blood

acute hemolytic reaction to transfusion clinical signs

tachycardia, hypotension, vomiting, drooling, muscle tremors

delayed hemolytic reaction to transfusion

RBCs destroyed gradually over 4-21 days; unsensitized animals

anaphylactic reaction to transfusions clinical signs

urticaria, pruritis

urticaria def

hives

transfusion- transmitted infections caused by…

improper aseptic technique, improper storage of blood

CPR basic normals

120 bpm, 5-6 sec ventilation

in emergency situations why can’t a tourniquet be put on

very high risk for limb loss and circulation blockage- will cause more issues

arteriole bleed looks like

bright red, spurting; more concerning