WGU D337 - Internet Of Things and Infrastructure Exam /Comprehensive Guide/Actual Exam Questions And Verified Answers

cybersecurity

the practice of protecting information systems, networks, data, and programs from digital attacks

cyberspace

a network of hundreds of thousands of interconnected computers, servers, routers, switches, and fiber-optic cables that allow critical infrastructures to work

digital

technologies that generate, store, and process data as fixed numbers; binary digits or bits in the form of zeroes and ones

information systems

combinations of hardware, software, and networks that are integrated together to collect, process, store, and distribute data

internet

a global network of wired and wireless networks

web

an information space consisting of a number of public resources that are linked together and made accessible via the internet

consumer IoT

all the users' networks around their personal and home devices

industrial IoT

machines, computers, and people enabling intelligent industrial operations using advanced data analytics for transformational business outcomes

Internet of Bodies

connected devices that monitor the human body, collect physiological, biometric, or behavioral data, and exchange information over a wireless or hybrid network

Challenges Impacting the Adoption of IOT

Security, Privacy, Data Control and Governance, Standardization

sensors

devices that respond to inputs from the physical environment and use those inputs for decision-making by displaying the inputs, transmitting them for additional processing, or using them in conjunction with artificial intelligence

actuator

a device that converts an electrical signal into a corresponding physical quantity such as movement, force, or sound

edge processing

a process of data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device

IoT ecosystem

a set of stakeholders that participate in the deployment of IoT technology and the relationships between them

First wave of IOT

Developing Sensors that could be connected to a network

Second wave of IOT

focused increasingly on developing new types of sensors and sensing materials, as well as on developing new communication technologies and protocols. Communication technology that allowed widespread deployment of sensors

Third wave of IOT

Data collection, processing, and security

IOT Stakeholders

Information Providers, Platform Providers, Application Developers, End Users

Information Provider

IOT Stakeholder. Owner of sensor deployments. May use for self or provide for wider usage. Also includes parties that aggregate and provide data from multiple sources.

Platform Provider

IOT Stakeholder. Provide functionalities like frameworks and platforms for other participants to use so they can focus on their part (e.g., app development)

LPWAN

low-power wide-area network. a wireless wide area network technology that interconnects low-bandwidth, battery-powered devices with low bit rates over long ranges and can be delivered through cellular networks.

Access Network

that part of the network which is concerned with moving data to and from a sensor or edge device into a backhaul network, often via a gateway. How IOT devices achieve connectivity.

Key considerations for developing IOT connective technology

Data range, power availability, range, cost

ZigBee

similar to bluetooth; short range, energy efficient, high data rate. Can mesh to form longer range networks and have a master controller

Mesh Networks

can be used for IOT, but are power-hungry because each node must constantly scan for and transmit info

LPWAN technologies

LoRaWAN, Sigfox, Weightless LPWAN

EC-GSM

Extended Coverage GSM. Network optimized for IOT

LTE-M2/NB-IOT

Narrow Band Internet of Things. Cellular network

LTE-M

More expensive cellular network for IOT. Good battery life.

Customer Premises Edge Compute

Edge compute strategy relating to the computing device or devices installed on the customers' premises or on their assets adjacent to their sensors, local area network (LAN), and IoT objects. VERY Low latency, dedicated devices, moderate compute workloads. Data can remain on the premises and customer has more control over security. Most improved computing model. ARM and x86 architecture

Edge computing

the model of providing data processing geographically close to assets such as sensors, actuators, IoT objects, and humans. Increases privacy and reliability. Can also reduce WAN traffic.

Colocation

the practice of housing privately-owned servers and networking equipment in a third-party data center. Reduces distance, latency, and (sometimes) solution complexity.

Edge Computing Deployment Nodes

IOT Devices, Customer Edge Device, Mobile Edge Compute (MCE), Centralized IOT Platform

IOT Devices

Edge Computing Deployment Node. Simple. Sensors and actuators installed close to data sources or control interfaces.

Customer Edge Device

Edge Computing Deployment Node. Receive data from and send commands to IOT devices. Limited local storage/processing/networking functions. Can be on the customer's or CPS's premises. Goal is to acquire sensor data, filter data, normalize data, and control sensors and actuators.

MEC

Mobile Edge Computer. Edge Computing Deployment Node. Servers that reduce transmission costs and provide fast interactive responses. May have limited resources. Focused on data aggregation, compression, and transformation.

Centralized IOT Platform

Edge Computing Deployment Node. Powerful central storage and processing capabilities. Provides data interoperability and uniform data access. Remote management of IOT devices. Often cloud computing based.

C-PEC

Customer Premises Edge Compute.

CSP-PEC

Communication Service Provider Premises Edge Compute. Edge compute strategy. Computing resources installed on CSP's domain. Low latency, can run applications for multiple tenants, high compute workloads. Can offer cloud-sized scaling to customers. May require more resources.

Edge Computing Frameworks

intended to provide a high degree of standardization for development, operation, and management of applications running on an Edge Compute Device

Protocol Adapter

Edge computing framework. A protocol-specific module enabling the transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format.

Information Broker

Edge computing framework. An onboard storage module that allows storage of recently received data from sensors, the cloud, or other modules

Rules Engine

Edge computing framework. A module to route the incoming data from other modules based on predefined rules ("forward motor RPM data to cloud every hour or immediately if speed exceeds 800 RPM")

Use Case Specific

Edge computing framework. A module that is produced by a developer to perform a specialist function. (Video analytics that process incoming MP4 or RTP video streams to count vehicles on a road)

Management and Security

Edge computing framework. A module that allows registration of the IoT to the system and manages modules and configuration, plus security features like IAM.

Zero-Touch Device Onboarding

automated management of IOT devices. Main problem is the trust between the edge device and IOT platform, but technologies have been developed to automatically securely configure the device

fog

structures between data-producing nodes and central cloud processing servers

Fog Computing

middle layer between cloud computing and devices. Forwards data that doesn't need to be processed. Moves edge computing activities to a LAN. Consists of multiple nodes, but has a network architecture. Subset of edge computing.

information consumer

an entity that wants to join the data revolution to build a new application that draws on multiple, disparate sources of data. Currently they have significant challenges in identifying/getting permission for/integrating data.

interoperability

the ability of computer systems or software to exchange and make use of information

Journeys

a spatiotemporal series of data representing the physical object that data values are being collected from.

Situations

information class that typically includes an aggregation of sensor-based data and other data, as well as an interpretation. It is relevant to a time period and some specified locations.

Context

All the relevant aspects of an application's operating environment that are required for it to work as intended

Three main aspects of interoperability

discovery, access controls, usage

Discovery

Data must be readable by machines and have standardized methods of querying. HyperCat is a tool to make it as easy as possible to expose a catalogue of information to be machine-readable.

Access Control

IOT platforms need to allow information providers to retain control over access, set terms and conditions, and review and revoke permissions.

Data Access

To achieve interoperability, a consensus needs to be reached in APIs, protocols, and information representation.

batch processing

a process that accumulates new data into disjunctive groups (i.e., batches) and processes them at a later time, which is defined by criteria such as batch size or age

stream processing

a process that handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created, either individually or inside of a rolling window

Time series data

a series of data points generated and delivered in time order, usually taken at equally spaced points. "Streaming data."

Five main operations performed on streaming data

compression, dimensionality reduction, summarization, learning, visualization

Dimensionality Reduction

Reduce the number of random variables (or dimensions) of a time series under consideration.

Summarization

transforms data to provide human and machine consumers a representation that best describes the time series

Learning and Mining

automate model building from recorded time series data. Mining uses models to extract insights and understand huge datasets otherwise impossible to analyze. Machine learning happens here.

Visualization

Transforms time series data into a visual representation for the human consumer.

Data stream management system

continuous queries over infinite continuous streams of data. First generation, not as suited to streaming.

Second-generation streaming systems

don't enforce a relational view and enable the creation of custom operators that consume and transform data streams and generate new ones. Flink and Samza.

MDM

Mobile Device Management

Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC)

a nonprofit organization created for the promotion of open standards and interoperability for technologies used in industrial and machine-to-machine (M2M) environments

Internet of Things Security Foundation (IoTSF)

a collaborative, nonprofit, international response to the complex challenges posed by cybersecurity in the expansive hyper-connected IoT world

standards developments organizations (SDOs)

organizations that work to formulate health and safety standards

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)

a decentralized database managed by multiple participants across multiple nodes

Blockchain

represents one of the most suitable candidate technologies capable of maintaining an immutable log of transactions (a ledger) in a distributed network, building a truly decentralized, trustless, and secure environment for transactions and related applications.

Smart Contract

a software component running on the Blockchain to implement an agreement between two or more parties, triggered automatically when certain conditions are met.

Trustless

not requiring trust, because the structure prevents dispute

PoW

Proof of Work. Algorithm for blockchain consensus

Two types of DLT

Permissionless and permissioned

Consortium/Federated DLT

Permissioned network shared across multiple organizations. Can be supervised or self-regulated.

Four key features of Blockchain

Decentralization, Immutability, Auditability, Fault tolerance and resilience

Hash pointer

points to where the last block in the blockchain is. Has a cryptographic hash for validation and prevents alteration

Required to send information between blockchain notes

public-private key pair

Consensus Algorithm

Systems based on state machine replication that make sure all of the replicas for the state are always synchronized and updated

Benefits for DLT on the IoT

Trust, resilience, adaptability, fault tolerance, security, complete decentralization

Challenges for DLT on the IoT

scalability, storage, latency, security, privacy, environmental impact, compliance

Three primary IOT metrics

Volume, variety, velocity

California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)

a state statute intended to enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California in the United States

National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (NCCoE)

a U.S. government organization that builds and publicly shares solutions to cybersecurity problems faced by U.S. businesses

Internet of Everything (IoE)

a concept that extends the Internet of Things (IoT) emphasis on M2M communications to describe a more complex system that also encompasses people and processes

National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (NIST CSF)

a physical sciences laboratory and non-regulatory agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce whose mission is to promote American innovation and industrial competitiveness

Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP)

a process used by the U.S. federal government to determine on a case-by-case basis how it should treat zero-day computer security vulnerabilities

Archetype Query Language AQL

a declarative query language developed specifically for expressing queries used for searching and retrieving the data found in archetype-based repositories

electronic health record EHR

the electronic, systematized collection of patient and population health information stored in a digital format that can be shared across different healthcare settings

laboratory information system LIS

a software-based solution with features that support a modern laboratory's operations

advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)

an integrated system of smart meters, communications networks, and data management systems that enable two-way communication between utilities and customers

distributed energy storage (DES)

electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of small, grid-connected, or distribution system-connected devices referred to as distributed energy resources

renewable energy source (RES)

often referred to as clean energy, an energy source that comes from natural sources or processes that are constantly replenished, such as solar, wind, geothermal, wave, etc.

AMIaaS

Advanced Metering Infrastructure as a Service

VNF

Virtual Network Function, an application on the edge of a network

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

an intergovernmental economic organization with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade

vMCM

Virtual Machine Cloud Machine function. VNF. Offers digital twin services of the on-field physical assets (physical twin counterpart) such that the latter may be monitored and governed in a device-agnostic manner (i.e. through the digital twin rather than the physical one). Also acts as a local network cache for reported measurements