12 - advent of modern humans

2 major differences between modern and archaic humans

1. Archaic humans have Spherical globular vault (tall wide short

2. Humans have a face thats short, non projected, and retracted underneath the brain

3 hypothesis of modern human origins

1. Multiregional

2. Out of Africa

3. Assimilation

Multiregional modern human origin

Modern traits arose from all around the world and spread amongst populations through gene flow

Out of Africa modern human origin

Modern humans arose in Africa and replace all other populations

Assimilation modern human origin

Mostly out of Africa

Where were the earliest modern humans found and when

• jebel irhoud, Morocco in 315 ka

• OBO kibish, Ethiopia 230 ka

• Herto, Ethiopia in 160 ka

What was the first step outside of Africa

• Tabun, skhul and qafzeh caves in isreal

• Then Neanderthals migrated into Western Asia Erie and modern humans retreated

Fossil evidence in Europe

• from Germany, 45 ka

• Suggests multiple pulses of modern human migration around this one

When did humans become abundant in Europe

30 ka

• includes cro magnon in France

• Few Neanderthals suggesting they were outcompeted directly or indirectly

• Some skeletons have been suggested as hybrids (not well supported)

Cultural periods

Describes how human cultural traditions changed over time

• not restricted to specific periods of time

• Defined based on material cultural remains

• Different periods start in different areas as different times

What era were the geological and cultural period

G - Pleistocene

C - palaeolithic

Upper paleolithic tech

• increased use of blades and diverse tool types

• Increase hafting

• First evidence of sewing and tailored clothes

• First use of bones, antlers and ivory

UP symbolisms

Dramatic explication of paintings, sculptures, figurines, beads, pigments during UP

Ex. Venus figurines, shell beads, anthropomorphic lion, cave paintings

What was the first believed idea of human revolution

Modern Homo sapiens went under a mutation around 40-50 ka leading to greater cognitive abilities

• false idea since it was a bias thought

Actual idea of human revolution

Gradual accumulation of modern behavior in Africa until they left and spread

Old world expansion in Europe, Middle East and Asia

Europe - modern humans appear 45ka but neandtherals lasted until 30ka, leaving room for 15ka for possible interactions

Middle East - skhul and qafzeh lived in Israel, shanidar lived in Iraq. Possible population overlap

Asia - growing evidence for modern human presence before 60ka and as early as 130ka

Molecular evidence

Draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome

• showed that all non African modern humans have 1-4% Neanderthal DNA through interbreeding of humans and Neanderthals

• Since then many studies have found that Neanderthals, denisovans, and modern humans interbred multiple times and places