5.8 - Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900

Labor unions

Worker organizations formed to demand better wages, hours, and working conditions

John Stuart Mill

British thinker who promoted utilitarian reforms such as education, labor protections, and expanded rights

Utilitarianism

The idea that policies should promote the greatest good for the greatest number

Karl Marx

German socialist thinker who argued class struggle would lead workers to overthrow capitalism

Friedrich Engels

German collaborator of Marx who co-authored a major statement of communist ideas

Communist Manifesto

An 1848 pamphlet calling for proletarian revolution against bourgeois capitalist society

Bourgeoisie

The capitalist class that owns factories, businesses, and other means of production

Proletariat

The working class that sells labor for wages under industrial capitalism

Socialism

An ideology favoring social ownership or government control of production to reduce inequality

Communism

A classless system with collective ownership and no private ownership of the means of production

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman modernization measures that reorganized law, education, taxation, and the military.

Mahmud II

Ottoman sultan who began major military and administrative reforms to strengthen the empire

Young Ottomans

Ottoman reformers who opposed autocratic rule and pushed for constitutional modernization

Self-Strengthening Movement

Qing reform effort to adopt Western military and industrial methods while preserving Chinese rule

Hundred Days of Reform

A short 1898 Qing reform program promoting modernization in government, education, and industry

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign uprising in China that opposed Western influence and Christianity