CELL BIO: CH. 2: CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF CELLS

what elements make up carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

carb monomer

monosaccharide

Examples of monosaccharides

glucose and fructose

examples of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen

what are the functions of carbs

energy and structure

Are carbs polar or non polar?

polar

The Chemical nature of Life

1) Cells are comprised mainly of carbon compounds

2) Life depends on chemical reactions that occur in a watery aqueous solution at certain temperatures and pH.

3) Cellular chemistry is VERY complex

4) The cell is full of polymeric molecules

5) cell is tightly REGULATED

what are cells made up of

atoms

atom

smallest particle of an element that retains distinctive chemical properties

what are the two parts of the atom

nucleus, electrons

nucleus

Center of an atom

what are the two subatomic particles

protons and neutrons

protons

Positively charged particles

neutrons

neutral charge

electrons

negative charge

where do electrons reside

electron cloud

molecular/atomic weight

the combined atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule (# of protons and neutrons)

when are atoms the most chemically stable and nonreactive

when the outermost shell filled

covalent bonds

sharing of electrons

molecule

cluster of atoms held together by covalent bonds

how many pairs of electrons are shared in a single covalent bond

one pair (2 e-)

how many pairs of electrons are shared in a double covalent bond

two pairs (4 e-)

covalent bonds determine what type of geometry of organic molecules

3D

ionic bonds

the electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds

cations

positively charged ions

anions

negatively charged ions

electrostatic attraction

the attraction between positive and negative charges

hydrophilic

Attracted to water (Dissolve readily in water & charged atoms or polar groups)

hydrophobic

Water fearing (insoluble in water & uncharged and nonpolar)

which type of bonds are stronger: covalent or non-covalent

covalent

when the bond is stronger, is the length of the bond longer or shorter

shorter

why are covalent bonds considered molecular marriage

because they are very strong, controlled specifically by catalysts, breaks ups are violent to the cell (a lot of energy to create and a lot of energy stored within and a lot of energy to break which would be lethal to cell)

why are non-covalent bonds considered molecular dating

weaker, readily associate and dissociate (very weak because only come together for microseconds, and for ionic, one takes e- and the other gives)

what are the types of non covalent bonds

Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions

eukaryotic cell organelles

Nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, chloroplast (plant), golgi body, ER complex, lysosomes, nucleus, cell membrane, chloroplast, cell wall (plant)

Similar organelles between Eukaryote and Prokaryote

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, DNA

examples of how shape determines the ability to complete the function.

muscle cells are long and elastic because your muscles need to contract and expand easily. Bone cells are rigid and rectangular for more structure to your skeleton

main functions of cell membranes.

Regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Protects the cell

Communicates with other cells by receiving chemical signals

Nucleus

stores DNA, "control center" of the cell

Mitochondria

generates ATP through cellular respiration

Ribosomes

creates proteins

ER

packages proteins to ship out throughout the cell

Chloroplast

generates glucose from sunlight to be later used to create ATP

Cell Membrane

determines what goes in and out of the cell

Golgi body

packages the proteins and lipids from the ER into vesicles

differences between the cell structure and organelles in plant and animal cells and what the differences do

Cell wall - more rigid structure to the cell

Chloroplast - Generates glucose for the mitochondria to use

similarities between the cell structure and organelles in plant and animal cells

everything except cell wall and chloroplast

Why are phospholipids arranged in a bilayer

They are arranged in a bilayer because the nonpolar tails are attracted to other nonpolar tails. The polar phosphate heads are attracted to the hydrophilic environment surrounding the cell and the cytoplasm inside the cell.

how selective permeability helps a cell maintain homeostasis

It decides what can go in and out of the cell. Keeps out the bad stuff and sends out the bad stuff. Keeps in necessary nutrients and imports necessary nutrients.

evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have 2 membranes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA.

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have similar size and shape to some prokaryotes.

What domains are prokaryotes?

Bacteria, Archaea

what domains are eukaryotes

protists, fungi, animals, plants

what are the parts of a prokaryotic cells

nucleoid, fimbriae, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagella, cytoplasm, DNA

What do both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have?

cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane, DNA

What do only eukaryotic cells have?

membrane bound organelles and nucleus

What do prokaryotes lack?

nucleus and membrane bound organelles

what is the double membrane around the nucleus called

nuclear envelope

what are the parts of a nucleus

nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear pores

nuclear pores

holes in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell; makes up chromosomes

nucleolus

Makes ribosomal subunits (rRNA & proteins)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm

are there ribosomes on the surface of the smooth or rough ER

rough ER

Rough ER

package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi Body, make replacement membrane

Smooth ER

synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detox drugs & poisons, store Ca 2+

Golgi apparatus

synthesize & package materials for transport; produces lysosomes

Lysosomes

intracellular digestion, recycles cell's materials, programs cell death (apoptosis)

What do lysosomes contain?

hydrolytic enzymes

hydrolytic enzymes

enzymes that speed up/aid in the breakdown of chemical bonds through the addition of water (hydrolysis)

Vacuoles

Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

what is the difference between vacuoles in plant vs animal cells

plants have one large vacuole, animals have multiple small vacuoles

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

theory that eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts come from ancient free living prokaryotes that were engulfed

Evidence behind endosymbiotic theory

double membraned, have own ribosomes & DNA, reproduce independently in cell

Peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids, detox alcohol, produce hydrogen peroxide

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that helps the cell to keep its shape, aids in movement, regulate biochemical activities

Centrosomes and Centrioles

helps with cell division (mitosis & meosis); needed to form cilia and flagella

flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.

Cilia

moves fluids, locomotion

cell wall

protect & provide structure to cell, prevents osmotic bursting, maintain homeostasis, control transportation within cell

What organelles are only found in plant cells?

chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole, plasmodesmata

What organelles are only found in animal cells?

lysosomes, centrioles, flagella, cilia, ECM, intercellular junctions

when we think of bond strength, where do we think of it in? (vacuum or water)

water (all living things exist in water)

monomers

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

polymers

monomers (individual subunits) that are laid end to end with one another and linked to one another via covalent bonds

does the order of monomers in a polymer matter

yes

polymerization

joining monomers to form a polymer

What are polysaccharides made of?

sugars (monosaccharides)

glycogen

major storage molecule of sugars in the human body; important for controlling the blood sugar levels

polysaccharides are joined together by what type of covalent bond

glycosidic

condensation (dehydration synthesis) reaction

Joins monomers by taking away an OH- and an H+ group to create a polymer, forming water as a byproduct

are condensation reactions reversible

yes

hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.

fatty acids make what macromolecules

lipids

are long hydrocarbon chains charged?

no, its uncharged and non polar (hydrophobic)

is the carboxyl group on a fatty acid charged or uncharged

charged and polar (hydrophilic)

amphipathic

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

why are fatty acids considered amphipathic

contains a carboxyl group (hydrophilic) and a long hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic)

what are the characteristics of lipids

insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (fat)

what are the two main groups of fatty acids

saturated, unsaturated

characteristics of saturated fatty acids

Contain a hydrogen bound at every site, no double bonds, and solid and room temperature