Unit 4 APEX Flashcards

nurture theory

the theory of development where at birth our minds are a blank slate and environment determines how we develop

nature theory

the theory of development where development is due to genetically predetermined signals and has critical periods when exposure to certain stimuli/experiences produces optimate and appropriate development

stability

measurements of personality during early childhood are predictors of adult personality

change

personality may change due to other modifying events such as family, school, or life

cross-sectional design

a research technique where subjects from different age groups are studied at the same time; limited in results despite being quick and inexpensive; may lead to the cohort effect

cohort effect

the difference between groups is a peculiarity not a general difference

cohort comparison

a research technique where subjects are studied only at one development point but at different times

longitudinal design

a research technique where one group is studied repeatedly over a time period; can be affected by subject attrition (the loss of subjects over time)

sequential design

a research technique where a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal is used; subjects from different age groups are repeatedly studied

accommodation

the act of altering a previously existing schema because of new information

Asperger disorder

a developmental disorder associated with deficits in social skills and transitions with a preference for sameness and predictable events

autism

a severe neurologically based developmental disorder with impaired social interactions, problems with communications, repetitive behavior, and narrow interests

Harry Harlow

did experiments on forming attachment

object permanence

understanding that objects and people exist out of our presence

reciprocal determinism

the interaction of heredity and environment in personality determination

schema

the internal model or mental representation that serves as a guide to perception, interpretation, or problem solving

social referencing

when an infant looks to adults to cue emotions in a situation

strange situation task

developed by Mary Ainsworth and her collegues; a method that measures the quality of infant-caregiver attachment

temperament

a person’s typical emotional reactivity

teratogen

an agent that causes damage to a developing fetus; can be drugs, diseases, or environmental hazards

true

true or false: biological theorists tend to emphasize the role of underlying genetic and biological factors in influencing child development

biological; genetic code

maturational theorists tend to view development as the unfolding of a ____ plan that is dictated by our _____

evolutionary theorists

tend to examine development in terms of the characteristics and behaviors that ensure the species’ survival

psychosexual theory

developed by Sigmund Freud; not accepted by the scientific community; during childhood, children develop erogenous zones and these zones shift from one area to another as the child matures; children may become stuck or fixated at a stage

Erikson

developed the psychosocial theory of development; believed the way each crisis was solved is reflected in adult’s behavior

trust vs mistrust

Erikson’s stage 1; occurs in infancy

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Erikson’s stage 2; occurs in toddlerhood (1-2)

initiative vs guilt

Erikson’s stage 3; occurs during preschool age (3-5)

competence vs inferiority

Erikson’s stage 4; occurs in elementary age (6-12)

identity vs role confusion

Erikson’s stage 5; occurs in adolescence (12-20)

intimacy vs isolation

Erikson’s stage 6; occurs as a young adult (20s-40s)

generation vs stagnation

Erikson’s stage 7; occurs as a middle adult (40s-60s)

integrity vs despair

Erikson’s stage 8; occurs as a late adult (60s on)

assimilation

the process you use to take in new information that fits into an existing schema

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

occurs from 0-2 years old; using senses to explore the world

Piaget’s preoperational stage

occurs from 2-6 years old; using words but lack of logical reasoning

Piaget’s concrete operational stage

occurs from 7-11 years old; understanding and thinking logically about concrete things (no abstract thinking)

Piaget’s formal operational stage

occurs from 12 years old and on; uses logic and reasoning for concrete and abstract things

true

true or false: Kohlberg’s stages of moral development determine right vs wrong

Kohlberg’s stage 1

punishment orientation; determined by what is punished

Kohlberg’s stage 2

naive reward orientation; determined by what is rewarded

Kohlberg’s stage 3

good boy/girl orientation; determined by close people’s approval or disapproval

Kohlberg’s stage 4

authority orientation; determined by society’s rules and laws, which should always be obeyed

Kohlberg’s stage 5

social contract orientation; determined by society’s rules, which are fallible but not absolute

Kohlberg’s stage 6

individual principles and conscience orientation; determined by abstract ethical principles such as equity and justice

responsiveness

responding to a kid with warmth, affection, and understanding needs in Diana Baumrind’s parenting styles

demandingness

setting high standards and consistently enforcing rules in Diana Baumrind’s parenting styles

indulgent (permissive/nondirective) parenting style

more responsive than demanding, which encourages psychological autonomy; lenient and nontraditional; doesn’t require mature behavior, allows self-regulation, and avoids confrontation

authoritarian parenting style

highly demanding and directive, but not responsive → obedience>understanding; high psychological control

nonauthoritarian directive parenting style

directive but not intrusive or autocratic; a subcategory of authoritarian parenting

authoritarian directive parenting style

highly intrusive; a subcategory of authoritarian parenting

authoritative parenting style

demanding and responsive; discipline is supportive; want children to have independent thought, be socially responsible, cooperative, and self-regulated

uninvolved parenting style

low in demandingness and responsiveness; not much affection

conscious level

a level of Freud’s psychodynamic theory; composed of thoughts, actions, and feelings that you are aware of

preconscious level

a level of Freud’s psychodynamic theory; the temporary storage for thoughts, wishes, and feelings before coming into conscious awareness

unconscious level

a level of Freud’s psychodynamic theory; stores primitive and instinctual motives that we are not aware of; exerts the greatest influence on behavior

memories; instincts

according to Freud’s psychodynamic theory, psychological disorders come from repressed ____ and _____

id

contains instincts and irrational desires; unconscious and demanding; operates according to the pleasure principle

ego

mediates the desires of the id and moral control of the superego; conscious; operates according to the reality principle (rules and customs of society)

ego

does what a person can do and seeks to gratify the id in a realistic way

superego

the voice of conscience; tells what a person should do, leading to feelings of pride or guilt

superego

includes conscience and ego ideal (the ideal view of one’s self); preconscious; strives for unrealistic perfection

defense mechanisms; dysfunction

to get rid of guilt and anxiety, the ego uses _____ to distort reality and the truth, which can protect emotional well-being, but overuse may lead to psychological ____

repression

irrational impulses create anxiety, do it pushes impulses out of conscious

projection

transferring unacceptable impulses onto others

oral

a stage of Freud’s psychosexual theory; focuses on the mouth; 0-18 months

anal

a stage of Freud’s psychosexual theory; focuses on bladder and bowel training; 18-36 months

phalic

a stage of Freud’s psychosexual theory; focuses on genitals; contains sexual feelings to family; identifying role models; 3-6 years

latency

a stage of Freud’s psychosexual theory; sexual feelings are dormant; 6-12 years

genital

a stage of Freud’s psychosexual theory; sexual interests mature; 12+ years

personality

a person’s general style of interacting with the world; unique and relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving

regression

a defense mechanism; going back to behaviors that are typical of someone younger

sublimation

a defense mechanism; taking unacceptable impulses and channeling them into more acceptable pursuits; ex: boxers and professional fighters

displacement

a defense mechanism; shifting the target of an unacceptable impulse when the original target is too threatening; ex: yelling at roommate after work instead of boss

personal unconscious

made up of individual experiences

collective unconscious

storehouse of evolutionary experiences

Alfred Adler

neo-Freudian that placed conscious motives a little more; we all strive for superiority but during childhood we all developed an inferiority complex about some trait or habit and are energized by our attempts to hide it

reaction formation

when faced with unacceptable impulses, a person may unconsciously behave in an opposite way; ex: a boy being mean to the girl he likes

rationalization

when we justify something we have done

early childhood; unconscious mind

in the psychoanalytic perspective of personality, ____ experiences and the _____ are powerful in personality

thematic apperception test

telling stories based on cards with ambiguous drawings to reveal underlying emotions, conflicts, and personality traits

Rorschach inkblot test

assumes we project our feelings and inner conflicts onto the cards to be revealed by what we perceive the blots to be; very subjective and does not have a set answer

behavioral approach

a perspective on personality developed by B. F. Skinner; personality is affected by environmental contingencies; limited to directly observable behavior

social-cognitive approach

a perspective on personality that attempts to see how our beliefs and behaviors are affected by our situations; studied through naturalistic observation and experiments; look at if our tendencies are consistent in similar situations

humanistic approach

a perspective on personality developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow; we have an innate drive towards self-actualization and a free will to determine who we become

Carl Rogers

believed in the humanistic approach to personality; our natural organism is born good; our self-concept begins to emerge at 2 years old and is influenced by trying to gain approval from others

worth conditions; conform

Carl Rogers believed that if ____ are placed on us, we change our natural tendencies to ___ to others’ demands

q-sort

self-reporting on who someone is and who they want to be

triadic reciprocality

a humanistic approach to personality developed by Albert Bandura; our personality is the result of three interacting factors

personal factor

beliefs and cognition; one of Bandura’s factors that results in personality

behavior

how someone acts based on personal factors; one of Bandura’s factors that results in personality

environment

people around someone is influenced by their behavior; one of Bandura’s factors that results in personality

self-efficacy

an individual’s belief in their capacity to achieve good results; those with high levels are more confident and have more positive interactions

internal locus of control

people with a(n) ____ believe that their efforts and hard work pay off in rewards (such as grades or a good job)

external locus of control

people with a(n) _____ believe fate and other people have control over what happens to them, which makes them feel less powerful; more common in women and minorities

trait perspective

a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way

Gordon Allport

believed that everyone has 5-7 central traits and have many secondary traits that are less consistent; some people have a cardinal trait, which is a defining characteristic of one’s personality

functional autonomy

who you are today>how you got here; a belief of Gordon Allport

Raymond Cattell

looked at common traits of groups and found 16 personality factors

ideographic

____ instruments look at an individual’s uniqueness