Male Reproductive System

Vas defrens

Conveys sperm from testicle to the urethra. Muscular tube joining with its corresponding seminal vesicle to carry sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

Epididymis

A tightly coiled tubular structure located on the posterior surface of the testis. Sperm maturation, storage, and transportation happen here.

Mediastinum “mediastinum testis”

A fibrous structure with in the testis. Conduct for vessels & ducts passing in and out of the gland. Where sperm is produced.

Scrotum

Pouch of skin containing testicles

Spermatic Cord

Supports and protects vas deferens, is a bundle of tissue and structures that extends from the testis to inguinal ring

Testicle

One of two male reproductive glands located in the scrotum, oval shaped. Produces sperm & male hormones like testosterone.

Tunica Albugunia

A dense, fibrous connective tissue layer that covers the testis & penis. Provides structural support & protection. Regulates blood flow & pressure.

Scrotum/ Teste

The testicles (testes) are male sex organs that make sperm & the hormone testosterone. They are located inside the scrotum( a pouch below the penis

Male Reproductive System

Is the system of sex organs of male human’s, part of overall process of reproduction, mainly concerned with production of semen & transferring it to the female reproductive tract.

Human Beings sexual type takes place w/

Male and female reproductive system

Semen

Whitish viscous fluid emitted from male reproductive tract that contains sperm & fluids

Organs of Male Reproductive System

Penis & Testes- lie outside the males body in pelvic region

Penis

External sex organ: main role is to get access to the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse. It also serves as an excretory organ through which urine is expelled outside the body.

Testes

Componets of both reproductive & endocrine system. Reproductive- produces sperm Endocrine System produces male sex hormones like testosterone.

Male Reproductive Functions

Production of Semen, produce male sexual hormones, reproduction

Production of male sex hormones

Testes distinguish maleness from femaleness

Reproduction

The process through which life continues to exist. Every individual has limited lifespan & no one can survive forever.

For survival of life reproduction is a necessary process

Because otherwise no new life will be formed & old life will disappear. Both female and male reproductive systems are important for survival

Penis Description

Male copulatory organ having a long shaft & a bulbous tip, transfers semen to female reproductive tract

Main function of Male Reproductive System

Fertilization of females to reproduce offspring

Sperm/Testes conditions

Mass or pain in the testes, infection or swelling of the Testies or epididymis, testicular torsion, find an Undesended testis,Hydrocele, spermatocele,hematocele, pyocele, & injury to the genital area

Testicular Torsion

Twisting of the spermatic cord- this cuts off blood supply to the testicles

Hydrocele

Fluid in the Scrotum

Sprematocele

Fluid in the Epididymis

Hematocele

Blood in the scrotum

Pyocele

Pus in the scrotum

Testicular cancer symptoms

Hard lumps or nodules on either testicle or a change in how the testicle looks/ feels, swelling in the scrotum caused by sudden build up of fluid, dull ache in lower abdomen or scrotum, pain discomfort or feeling heaviness in the scrotum, enlarged or swollen breasts can be caused by a secretion of hormones that stimulate breast growth by testicular tumor.

Testicular Cancer Treatment

One of the success stories of modern da medicine w/ sustained response to treat in more than 90% of cases regardless of the stages. In 2011 overall cure rates of more then 95% & 80% for metastatic disease- best response by any solid tumor, w/ improved survival being attributed primarily to effective chemo therapy.

By 2013, more then 96% of the 2,300 men diagnosed each year in the UK

Were deemed cured, rise by a 1/3 since the 1970’s the improvement attributed substantially to the chemotherapy drug Cisplatin. In the US when the disease is treated while it is localized, more then 99% of people survive

Orchitis

Inflammation of one or both testicles in men usually caused by infection. Can result in the spread of bacteria through the blood from other locations in your body. Also could be a progression of epididymitis.

Epididymoorcitis

Infection of the tube that carries semen out of the testicles. Require antibiotics- antibiotic therapy is necessary to cure the infection & prevent its spread. Bacteria that commonly cause orchitis.

A Prostate Infection

May occur in conjunction with/ orchitis

Epididymitis

Inflammation of the tube on the back of the testicle can lead to Orchitis

Bacteria causes (STD) sexually transmitted diseases such as

Gonorrhea, Chlamydia and syphilis can cause orchitis in sexually active men usually aged 19-35 years

The virus that causes mumps causes

Orchitis as well

Maybe at risk at Non-sexually transmitted orchitis

If you haven’t had proper vaccination against mumps, if you get UTI’s (urinary tract infection). If you are older then 45 or frequently have a catheter placed in your bladder

Testicular torsion

When testicle torts on the spermatic cord resulting in cutting off blood supply. Most common symptom acute testicular pain. Diagnosis often made clinically, ultrasound will confirm diagnosis. Expedient diagnosis & surgical management are critical if the testis is to be salvaged.

The most specific & sensitive finding in both complete & incomplete torsion is

Twisting of spermatic cord reflecting pathomechanism

Altered blood flow

Incomplete torsion, elevated resistive index (RI more then 0.75)3, to & fro flow

Complete torsion

Absence of blood flows in both testis & epididymis, increase in size of testis & epididymis, homogenous echotexture early finding before necrosis. Heterogenous echotexture a late finding (after 24 hrs) implies necrosis.

Undesended testis (Cryptorchidism)

Refers to an absence of a testis ( or testes) in the scrotal sac, may refer to Ectopic testis, or an astrophic or absent testis. Most at birth descended in 1st 3 months after birth.

Ectopic Testis

Undescended Testis

Orchiopexy

Is the preferred mode of management in case of viable tests high up in the scrotum or within the inguineal canal/ abdomen. It is preformed after 1 year of age since the testes may descend w/o intervention.

With Cryptorchidism there is a

32x increase risk of developing a testicular germ cell tumor

Testicle Germ Cell Tumor

W/an incidence of 1 in 2000 (high in bilateral cases & in abdominal Cryptorchidism

The effect of surgical correction decreasing the risk of malignancy is

Controversial but allows for easier examination & hopefully early detection

Hydrocele Symptoms

Fluid in the scrotum : swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle, common in newborns usually disappears w/o treatment by age 1, older boys/ men develop it due to inflammation or injury w/scrotum, usually isn’t painful might not need treatment, if you have scrotal swelling see a doctor.

Hydrocele is most present at

Birth with 5% of newborn boys have it. Premature babies have a higher risk.

Risk factors of developing Hydrocele Later in life

Injury or inflammation to the scrotum, infection, including sexually transmitted infection (STI)

Injury to genital area

Because of their location many accidents cause testicular injuries. Blunt trauma ( a strike) causes about 75% of testicular injuries. Ex: getting kicked, hit by a ball, motorcycle or bike accident.

Testicular Rupture

Injury can tear the tough, protective covering surrounding the testicle & damage the testicle

Testicular Fracture

Sometimes injury will cause testicular tissue to break w/ or w/o tearing the protective covering

Contusion

When an accident injuries blood vessels in the testicle, which may involve bleeding & bruising

Torsion

A tube called Spermatic Cord contains blood vessels that lead from the abdomen to the testicle. A scrotum injury can cause the cord to twist can also happen spontaneously w/o injury.

Hematoceles

These can occur when blood collects under a layer of the protective covering around the testicle.

Dislocation

Some accidents can push the testicle out of the scrotum may end up in the abdomen, near the pelvic bone over the penis, or other areas near the scrotum.

Dislocation Most often happens

W/ motorcycle crashes when testicles collide w/ gas tank.

Epididymitis

Testicular trauma can injure the epididymis leaving it inflamed or infected. The epididymis is a coiled tube that holds sperm for a while after they leave the testicle.

Testicular Infections

Animal bites can also cause infections in the scrotum

Devolving

The scrotum is torn away, like removing a glove from a hand