MEMORY AND LEARNING UNIT 4 - Operant Conditioning

three term contingency? 1 pt

antecedent→ réponse→ consequent

operant/instrumental response? 4 pts

1. responses thart are affected by their consequences unlike classical conditioning

2. consequences will affect the probability of that response being emitted

3. the frequency of the response can increase or decrease

4. teleonomic significance (temporary reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response following the presentation of a novel or unexpected stimulus) instead of teleologic significance (behavior in terms of its purpose or goal)

differences between operant conditioning and classical conditioning? 4 pts

1. CC only has antecedent→ response while OC has antecedent→ response→ consequent

2. CC only antecedent influences the response while in OC both antecedent and consequent influence

3. stimulus elicits responses in CC while in OC it evokes them

4. response in OC is not a reflex because it is controlled by the consequent as well while in CC it is an automatic reflex

operant class responses? 1 pt

responses that have access to the same consequences

reinforcer? 1 pt

a consequent stimulus that alters subsequent behavior by increasing the response that follows and this enhancemend decreases after its removal/termination

punisher? 1 pt

a consequent stimulus that alters subsequent behavior by decreasing the response that follows and this decrement decreases once it is removed/terminated

contingency? 2 pts

1. positive- the response leads to the access of a stimulus

2. negative- the response leads to the removal or termination or prevention of a stimulus

operant conditioning procedures? 4 pts

1. something pleasant added following behavior that leads to access/increase of the behavior- positive reinforcement (Antecedent→R→Sr)

2. something negative removed following behavior that leads to removal or termination of the behavior- negative reinforcement (Antecedent→R→Sr)

3. something negative added following a behavior that leads to the decrease of the behavior- positive punishment (Antecedent→R→Sp)

4. something pleasant removed following a behavior that leads to the decrease of the behavior- negative punishment (Antecedent→R→Removal of Sr)

E. L. thorndike: the law of effect? 1 pt

behaviors followed by pleasant consequences makes responses more probable while those followed by unpleasant consequences are less probable

shaping in operant conditioning? 5 pts

1. reinforces the response movement rather than the organism

2. procedure in which a desired behavior is taught by reinforcing successive approximations toward the target behavior

3. both antecedent and response change

4. when in each step only reinforce the step that the new behavior is shown in not in the onew prior

5. successive approximations towards desired outcome

schedules of reinforcement? 6 pts

1. rule that determines which occurence of operant response gets reinforced

2. continous reinforcement- every correct response is reinforced

3. partial reinforcement- only some responses are reinforced

4. four main types:

• fixed ratio- reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses

• variable ratio- reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable amount of responses

• fixed interval- reinforcement becomes available after a fixed amount of time

• variable interval- reinforcement occurs after varying intervals of time

operant extinction? 1 pt

stoppping the positive or negative reinforcement contingency for a previously reinforced response that causes the frequency of the response to decrease

contigency = 0

extinction burst? 1 pt

a temporary increase in a behavior after the reward for that behavior stops

primary reinforcers? 2 pts

1. function as a reinforcer without prior learning

2. they are naturally reinforcing because they satisfy a biological need e.g food, water, warmth

secondary reinforcers? 3 pts

1. acquire their reinforcing value through learning and association with primary reinforcers

2. not naturally reinforcing

3. they become rewarding because they predict something rewarding e.g. money, good grades, praise

automatic vs social reinforcement? 2 pts

1. automatic- happens when the behavior itself produces the reward without another person involved

2. social- happens when another person provides the reward after the behavior

premack’s principe? 1 pt

a high probability behavior can be used to reinforce a low probability behavior