5.4 SELECTION OF CATAGORIES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

A category of disorders involving disturbances in perception, thought, emotion, and behavior, including symptoms like delusions and hallucinations.

Delusions

Strongly held false beliefs that persist despite contradictory evidence, such as thinking others are out to harm you.

Hallucinations

False sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not actually present.

Disorganized Thinking or Speech

Confused, illogical, or incoherent patterns of thought or communication, often seen in schizophrenia.

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder involving at least two weeks of severe depressive symptoms that interfere with daily functioning.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A chronic form of depression with less severe but longer-lasting symptoms than major depressive disorder.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A group of disorders that begin in childhood and involve impairments in personal, social, or academic functioning based on developmental expectations.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder involving patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are inconsistent with developmental norms.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior.

Disorganized Motor Behavior

Unusual or purposeless movements that may include rigidity, agitation, or catatonia.

Catatonia

A motor disturbance involving either extreme agitation or unresponsiveness, sometimes seen in schizophrenia.

Negative Symptoms

The absence or reduction of normal emotional or behavioral functions, such as flat affect or lack of motivation.

Dopamine Hypothesis

A theory suggesting that overactivity of dopamine pathways in the brain contributes to schizophrenia symptoms.

Bipolar II Disorder

A bipolar disorder involving at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, without full mania.

Cycling (Bipolar)

The pattern of alternating between manic and depressive episodes in bipolar disorder.

Bipolar I Disorder

A bipolar disorder defined by the presence of at least one full manic episode, which may be followed by depressive episodes.

Anxiety Disorders

A group of mental disorders characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, and related behavioral disturbances.

Specific Phobia

An irrational fear of a specific object or situation, such as spiders or flying.

Agoraphobia

A fear of being in situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable, such as crowds or open spaces.

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Disorders characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety.

Panic Disorder

A disorder involving sudden and repeated panic attacks along with fear of future attacks or their consequences.

Social Anxiety Disorder

An intense fear of being judged or negatively evaluated in social or performance situations.

Hoarding Disorder

A disorder involving persistent difficulty discarding possessions, resulting in excessive clutter and functional impairment.

Dissociative Disorders

A group of disorders involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A disorder involving persistent and excessive worry about a variety of topics that is difficult to control.

Dissociative Amnesia

A disorder involving an inability to recall important personal information, often related to trauma or stress.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct identities or personality states.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder marked by episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging or excessive exercise.

Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

Disorders caused by exposure to traumatic or stressful events, leading to significant psychological distress.

Personality Disorders

A group of mental disorders involving enduring and inflexible patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from cultural expectations and impair functioning.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A disorder triggered by trauma that involves symptoms such as flashbacks, hypervigilance, and emotional numbness.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

A group of personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors, including paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal types.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by restricted food intake, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

A group of personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors, including antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic types.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

A group of personality disorders characterized by anxious or fearful behaviors, including avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive types.